Workplace Saftey Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Workplace Saftey - Case Study Example Assessment of risks in the operational department in a bank involves assessing the various risks including their effects, establishing possible alternative ways of avoiding the risk, making the decision on the best strategy to mitigate the risk and implementing the risk controls adopted by the firm. By the time a bank makes decision on the mitigation measures, the management has accepted the occurrence of the risks and is not trying to reduce the effects on the firm. In one of the banks, the management assessed the risks affecting its operations department by beginning by assessing the issue at hand. This was followed by balancing resources in establishing possible solutions and balancing resources in establishing the solutions. Thereafter, the management communicated the risks and intended intentions by its actions. A debrief that involved taking of action and monitoring responses followed. Task 2: WHS Harmonization a. Objectives of Harmonisation The main objective of the harmonizat ion of the act was to ensure that the entire country has one law that governs work place safety for all employees. In addition, the regulations are to ensure safe working conditions for the entire country and commonwealth countries. The states had to maintain their jurisdiction over because employees work in the states and it would be easier for them to handle workplace safety issues rather than the federal government. b. Features of a WHS act The act is about setting a good working environment regarding health and safety of employees in organizations. The changes that were made to the act were several and were made in different section of the law as outlined below. In section four, a new definition of â€Å"engage in conduct† was given as the means of doing an act while the corresponding jurisdiction was provided as â€Å"A jurisdiction may extend the operation of a provision that applies to a corresponding WHS law to specified laws of the jurisdiction. This should be dealt with separately in the provision or regulations under the provision† (Safework Australia 2) In section 7, the jurisdiction note was omitted and replaced by anew jurisdiction note that sought to alter section 7(1). In some sections such as sections 8(2), 20(1)a, 22(5), 28(d), 36 and 52(3) among others, articles and prepositions were added to alter the meanings of the constituents of the law. In section 98, merely was replaced by only while clause 110 was omitted and replaced by another clause outlining discriminatory conduct, its proof, avoiding discrimination and jurisdiction over misconduct (Safework Australia 3). c. Implications of WHS act for i) Organizations The implications of the act on organization are that firms should establish a healthy and safe working environment. All working environments in Australia and other commonwealth countries are to comply with the act failure to which they will be sued. The organization is responsible for initiating the necessary changes regarding a safe and healthy working environment for its employees. ii) Managers/supervisors The managements of companies are responsible for implementing the policies stipulated in the act regarding provision of a healthy and safe working environment. The act stipulates what is called a safe and healthy working environment. What is reasonably practicable in relation to duty to ensure safety and health means what is to be done reasonably to ensure health and safety of employees. The managers and supervisors in an organization are to provide the practicable duty of care in any form of business. Proper inspection of premises should be undertaken frequently by the management to ensure that a proper

Principles Of Management Nokia Marketing Essay

Principles Of Management Nokia Marketing Essay When Nokia phones were first introduced, they needed a lot of promoting and advertising because they were not recognized enough to sell based on their quality and offers to their consumers, so this is where Nokia spent the biggest quantity of money promoting their goods and establishing their brand as a leader in the communications market. These refer to government policies, regulations and legal issues in the country of operation. For example, employment laws, taxation policy and government stability. Political decisions can impact on many important areas for business such as the education of the workforce, the nation health and the quality of the economy infrastructure such as the road and rail system. Legal constraints, such as 3G, must be considered because many businesses plan to make a profit so they may be tempted to misinform their customers about pricing, products quality and the availability of their goods. Also, they may try to cut expenses by using lower quality materials in their products, such as weaker resources for Nokia cases and batteries. Also some companies may set out their waste in ways that harm the environment without ensuring high standards of hygiene and safety in the workplace. Including, outlet stores, which are illegal and can cause legal problems for companies. In 2000, the UK Government started to accept bids from thirteen companies who wanted to run a licence to sell next-generation mobile phones. It raised  £22.47, a neat sum to anybody. Some businesses see profits as more valuable than a strong ethical code and this can run behavior and business conduct. Some unethical practices are illegal and companies can not become involved in them. However there are also some practices that are legal by law but are considered highly unethical by the consuming public. Companies who take on in these practices can lose a lot of market share if they are caught. For example, cosmetic testing on animals is legal, but some of the general public arent happy about it and boycott. Because of this companies, companies must be very cautious about how they conduct themselves. In the communications market, technology is most probably the most important factor that companies like Nokia have to take into account. They must keep up to date with all the newest technological advances, such as camera and video phones, if they intend to obtain the biggest market share and keep ahead of their competitors, such as Sony and Panasonic.

Why Do Children Talk To Themselves? :: Psychology Psychological Papers

Why Do Children Talk To Themselves? Whether you are a parent, teacher, child care giver, or a child observer you may have noticed that many children talk to themselves. Laura Berk reports that, â€Å"private speech can account for 20-60 percent of the remarks a child younger than 10 years makes† (78). Why do children do this? Does it benefit the child as Vygotsky would say, or is it just that the child is making egocentric remarks that play no positive role in normal cognitive development as Piaget would claim? I am going to be looking at the differences between Vygotsky’s and Piaget’s points of view. Then, I will look at Laura Berk’s findings in her article, â€Å"Why Children Talk to Themselves.† I will also talk about other findings concerning this topic. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky were developmental psychologists interested in the origins and processes of cognitive development. These two psychologists disagreed sharply on the role that private speech played in one’s cognitive development. Vygotsky called this private speech while Piaget called it egocentric speech. Piaget observed the activities of three to eight year old kindergarten children, and discovered such uses of speech as verbal repetitions of another individual, monologues during an activity, and non-reciprocal remarks in collective settings. In these instances their speech was not directed towards other individuals. In Piaget’s mind these patterns of speech showed evidence of egocentrism, a sign of cognitive immaturity, and an inability to share the perspective of another individual. However, he argued, as the children grow older they socialize increasingly more with others, and their speech becomes communicative. Their speech moves away from being self- to other-oriented, a sign that they are able to adopt the perspectives of others. A child overcomes egocentrism by beginning to think critically and logically, causing egocentric speech to fade away. Vygotsky believes that a child’s cognitive development originates in socialization activities, and then goes through a process of increasing individuation. He argued that self-directed speech did not show any cognitive immaturity, but did show some form of development. He claims that private speech represents a functional differentiation in the speech of a child, or that a child begins to differentiate between speech that is directed towards the others and speech that is self-directed.

Forward the Foundation Chapter 6

15 Cleon was no longer quite the handsome young monarch that his holographs portrayed. Perhaps he still was-in the holographs-but his mirror told a different story. His most recent birthday had been celebrated with the usual pomp and ritual, but it was his fortieth just the same. The Emperor could find nothing wrong with being forty. His health was perfect. He had gained a little weight but not much. His face would perhaps look older, if it were not for the microadjustments that were made periodically and that gave him a slightly enameled look. He had been on the throne for eighteen years-already one of the longer reigns of the century-and he felt there was nothing that might necessarily keep him from reigning another forty years and perhaps having the longest reign in Imperial history as a result. Cleon looked at the mirror again and thought he looked a bit better if he did not actualize the third dimension. Now take Demerzel-faithful, reliable, necessary, unbearable Demerzel. No change in him. He maintained his appearance and, as far as Cleon knew, there had been no microadjustments, either. Of course, Demerzel was so close-mouthed about everything. And he had never been young. There had been no young look about him when he first served Cleon's father and Cleon had been the boyish Prince Imperial. And there was no young look about him now. Was it better to have looked old at the start and to avoid change afterward? Change! It reminded him that he had called Demerzel in for a purpose and not just so that he might stand there while the Emperor ruminated. Demerzel would take too much Imperial rumination as a sign of old age. â€Å"Demerzel,† he said. â€Å"Sire?† â€Å"This fellow Joranum. I tire of hearing of him.† â€Å"There is no reason you should hear of him, Sire. He is one of those phenomena that are thrown to the surface of the news for a while and then disappears.† â€Å"But he doesn't disappear.† â€Å"Sometimes it takes a while, Sire.† â€Å"What do you think of him, Demerzel?† â€Å"He is dangerous but has a certain popularity. It is the popularity that increases the danger.† â€Å"If you find him dangerous and if I find him annoying, why must we wait? Can't he simply be imprisoned or executed or something?† â€Å"The political situation on Trantor, Sire, is delicate-â€Å" â€Å"It is always delicate. When have you told me that it is anything but delicate?† â€Å"We live in delicate times, Sire. It would be useless to move strongly against him if that would but exacerbate the danger.† â€Å"I don't like it. I may not be widely read-an Emperor doesn't have the time to be widely read-but I know my Imperial history, at any rate. There have been a number of cases of these populists, as they are called, that have seized power in the last couple of centuries. In every case, they reduced the reigning Emperor to a mere figurehead. I do not wish to be a figurehead, Demerzel.† â€Å"It is unthinkable that you would be, Sire.† â€Å"It won't be unthinkable if you do nothing.† â€Å"I am attempting to take measures, Sire, but cautious ones.† â€Å"There's one fellow, at least, who isn't cautious. A month or so ago, a University professor-a professor-stopped a potential Joranumite riot single-handedly. He stepped right in and put a stop to it.† â€Å"So he did, Sire. How did you come to hear of it?† â€Å"Because he is a certain professor in whom I am interested. How is it that you didn't speak to me of this?† Demerzel said, almost obsequiously, â€Å"Would it be right for me to trouble you with every insignificant detail that crosses my desk?† â€Å"Insignificant? This man who took action was Hari Seldon.† â€Å"That was, indeed, his name.† â€Å"And the name was a familiar one. Did he not present a paper, some years ago, at the last Decennial Convention that interested us?† â€Å"Yes, Sire.† Cleon looked pleased. â€Å"As you see, I do have a memory. I need not depend on my staff for everything. I interviewed this Seldon fellow on the matter of his paper, did I not?† â€Å"Your memory is indeed flawless, Sire.† â€Å"What happened to his idea? It was a fortune-telling device. My flawless memory does not bring to mind what he called it.† â€Å"Psychohistory, Sire. It was not precisely a fortune-telling device but a theory as to ways of predicting general trends in future human history.† â€Å"And what happened to it?† â€Å"Nothing, Sire. As I explained at the time, the idea turned out to be wholly impractical. It was a colorful idea but a useless one.† â€Å"Yet he is capable of taking action to stop a potential riot. Would he have dared do this if he didn't know in advance he would succeed? Isn't that evidence that this-what?-psychohistory is working?† â€Å"It is merely evidence that Hari Seldon is foolhardy, Sire. Even if the psychohistoric theory were practical, it would not have been able to yield results involving a single person or a single action.† â€Å"You're not the mathematician, Demerzel. He is. I think it is time I questioned him again. After all, it is not long before the Decennial Convention is upon us once more.† â€Å"It would be a useless-â€Å" â€Å"Demerzel, I desire it. See to it.† â€Å"Yes, Sire.† 16 Raych was listening with an agonized impatience that he was trying not to show. He was sitting in an improvised cell, deep in the warrens of Billibotton, having been accompanied through alleys he no longer remembered. (He, who in the old days could have threaded those same alleys unerringly and lost any pursuer.) The man with him, clad in the green of the Joranumite Guard, was either a missionary, a brainwasher, or a kind of theologian-manque. At any rate, he had announced his name to be Sander Nee and he was delivering a long message in a thick Dahlite accent that he had clearly learned by heart. â€Å"If the people of Dahl want to enjoy equality, they must show themselves worthy of it. Good rule, quiet behavior, seemly pleasures are all requirements. Aggressiveness and the bearing of knives are the accusations others make against us to justify their intolerance. We must be clean in word and-â€Å" Raych broke in. â€Å"I agree with you, Guardsman Nee, every word. But I must see Mr. Joranum.† Slowly the guardsman shook his head. â€Å"You can't ‘less you got some appointment, some permission.† â€Å"Look, I'm the son of an important professor at Streeling University, a mathematics professor.† â€Å"Don't know no professor. I thought you said you was from Dahl.† â€Å"Of course I am. Can't you tell the way I talk?† â€Å"And you got an old man who's a professor at a big University? That don't sound likely.† â€Å"Well, he's my foster father.† The guardsman absorbed that and shook his head. â€Å"You know anyone in Dahl?† â€Å"There's Mother Rittah. She'll know me.† (She had been very old when she had known him. She might be senile by now-or dead.) â€Å"Never heard of her.† (Who else? He had never known anyone likely to penetrate the dim consciousness of this man facing him. His best friend had been another youngster named Smoodgie-or at least that was the only name he knew him by. Even in his desperation, Raych could not see himself saying: â€Å"Do you know someone my age named Smoodgie?†) Finally he said, â€Å"There's Yugo Amaryl.† A dim spark seemed to light Nee's eyes. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"Yugo Amaryl,† said Raych eagerly. â€Å"He works for my foster father at the University.† â€Å"He a Dahlite, too? Everyone at the University Dahlites?† â€Å"Just he and I. He was a heatsinker.† â€Å"What's he doing at the University?† â€Å"My father took him out of the heatsinks eight years ago.† â€Å"Well-I'll send someone.† Raych had to wait. Even if he escaped, where would he go in the intricate alleyways of Billibotton without being picked up instantly? Twenty minutes passed before Nee returned with the corporal who had arrested Raych in the first place. Raych felt a little hope; the corporal, at least, might conceivably have some brains. The corporal said, â€Å"Who is this Dahlite you know?† â€Å"Yugo Amaryl, Corporal, a heatsinker who my father found here in Dahl eight years ago and took to Streeling University with him.† â€Å"Why did he do that?† â€Å"My father thought Yugo could do more important things than heatsink, Corporal.† â€Å"Like what?† â€Å"Mathematics. He-â€Å" The corporal held up his hand. â€Å"What heatsink did he work in?† Raych thought for a moment. â€Å"I was only a kid then, but it was at C-2, I think.† â€Å"Close enough. C-3.† â€Å"Then you know about him, Corporal?† â€Å"Not personally, but the story is famous in the heatsinks and I've worked there, too. And maybe that's how you've heard of it. Have you any evidence that you really know Yugo Amaryl?† â€Å"Look. Let me tell you what I'd like to do. I'm going to write down my name on a piece of paper and my father's name. Then I'm going to write down one word. Get in touch-any way you want-with some official in Mr. Joranum's group-Mr. Joranum will be here in Dahl tomorrow-and just read him my name, my father's name, and the one word. If nothing happens, then I'll stay here till I rot, I suppose, but I don't think that will happen. In fact, I'm sure that they will get me out of here in three seconds and that you'll get a promotion for passing along the information. If you refuse to do this, when they find out I am here-and they will-you will be in the deepest possible trouble. After all, if you know that Yugo Amaryl went off with a big-shot mathematician, just tell yourself that same big-shot mathematician is my father. His name is Hari Seldon.† The corporal's face showed clearly that the name was not unknown to him. He said, â€Å"What's the one word you're going to write down?† â€Å"Psychohistory.† The corporal frowned. â€Å"What's that?† â€Å"That doesn't matter. Just pass it along and see what happens.† The corporal handed him a small sheet of paper, torn out of a notebook. â€Å"All right. Write it down and we'll see what happens.† Raych realized that he was trembling. He wanted very much to know what would happen. It depended entirely on who it was that the corporal would talk to and what magic the word would carry with it. 17 Hari Seldon watched the raindrops form on the wraparound windows of the Imperial ground-car and a sense of nostalgia stabbed at him unbearably. It was only the second time in his eight years on Trantor that he had been ordered to visit the Emperor in the only open land on the planet-and both times the weather had been bad. The first time, shortly after he had arrived on Trantor, the bad weather had merely irritated him. He had found no novelty in it. His home world of Helicon had its share of storms, after all, particularly in the area where he had been brought up. But now he had lived for eight years in make-believe weather, in which storms consisted of computerized cloudiness at random intervals, with regular light rains during the sleeping hours. Raging winds were replaced by zephyrs and there were no extremes of heat and cold-merely little changes that made you unzip the front of your shirt once in a while or throw on a light jacket. And he had heard complaints about even so mild a deviation. But now Hari was seeing real rain coming down drearily from a cold sky-and he had not seen such a thing in years-and he loved it; that was the thing. It reminded him of Helicon, of his youth, of relatively carefree days, and he wondered if he might persuade the driver to take the long way to the Palace. Impossible! The Emperor wanted to see him and it was a long enough trip by ground-car, even if one went in a straight line with no interfering traffic. The Emperor, of course, would not wait. It was a different Cleon from the one Seldon had seen eight years before. He had put on about ten pounds and there was a sulkiness about his face. Yet the skin around his eyes and cheeks looked pinched and Hari recognized the results of one too many microadjustments. In a way, Seldon felt sorry for Cleon-for all his might and Imperial sway, the Emperor was powerless against the passage of time. Once again Cleon met Hari Seldon alone-in the same lavishly furnished room of their first encounter. As was the custom, Seldon waited to be addressed. After briefly assessing Seldon's appearance, the Emperor said in an ordinary voice, â€Å"Glad to see you, Professor. Let us dispense with formalities, as we did on the former occasion on which I met you.† â€Å"Yes, Sire,† said Seldon stiffly. It was not always safe to be informal, merely because the Emperor ordered you to be so in an effusive moment. Cleon gestured imperceptibly and at once the room came alive with automation as the table set itself and dishes began to appear. Seldon, confused, could not follow the details. The Emperor said casually, â€Å"You will dine with me, Seldon?† It had the formal intonation of a question but the force, somehow, of an order. â€Å"I would be honored, Sire,† said Seldon. He looked around cautiously. He knew very well that one did not (or, at any rate, should not) ask questions of the Emperor, but he saw no way out of it. He said, rather quietly, trying to make it not sound like a question, â€Å"The First Minister will not dine with us?† â€Å"He will not,† said Cleon. â€Å"He has other tasks at this moment and I wish, in any case, to speak to you privately.† They ate quietly for a while, Cleon gazing at him fixedly and Seldon smiling tentatively. Cleon had no reputation for cruelty or even for irresponsibility, but he could, in theory, have Seldon arrested on some vague charge and, if the Emperor wished to exert his influence, the case might never come to trial. It was always best to avoid notice and at the moment Seldon couldn't manage it. Surely it had been worse eight years ago, when he had been brought to the Palace under armed guard. This fact did not make Seldon feel relieved, however. Then Cleon spoke. â€Å"Seldon† he said. â€Å"The First Minister is of great use to me, yet I feel that, at times, people may think I do not have a mind of my own. Do you think that?† â€Å"Never, Sire,† said Seldon calmly. No use protesting too much. â€Å"I don't believe you. However, I do have a mind of my own and I recall that when you first came to Trantor you had this psychohistory thing you were playing with.† â€Å"I'm sure you also remember, Sire,† said Seldon softly, â€Å"that I explained at the time it was a mathematical theory without practical application.† â€Å"So you said. Do you still say so?† â€Å"Yes, Sire.† â€Å"Have you been working on it since?† â€Å"On occasion I toy with it, but it comes to nothing. Chaos unfortunately interferes and predictability is not-â€Å" The Emperor interrupted. â€Å"There is a specific problem I wish you to tackle. Do help yourself to the dessert, Seldon. It is very good.† â€Å"What is the problem, Sire?† â€Å"This man Joranum. Demerzel tells me-oh, so politely-that I cannot arrest this man and I cannot use armed force to crush his followers. He says it will simply make the situation worse.† â€Å"If the First Minister says so, I presume it is so.† â€Å"But I do not want this man Joranum†¦ At any rate, I will not be his puppet. Demerzel does nothing.† â€Å"I am sure that he is doing what he can, Sire.† â€Å"If he is working to alleviate the problem, he certainly is not keeping me informed.† â€Å"That may be, Sire, out of a natural desire to keep you above the fray. The First Minister may feel that if Joranum should-if he should-â€Å" â€Å"Take over,† said Cleon with a tone of infinite distaste. â€Å"Yes, Sire. It would not be wise to have it appear that you were personally opposed to him. You must remain untouched for the sake of the stability of the Empire.† â€Å"I would much rather assure the stability of the Empire without Joranum. What do you suggest, Seldon?† â€Å"I, Sire?† â€Å"You, Seldon,† said Cleon impatiently. â€Å"Let me say that I don't believe you when you say that psychohistory is just a game. Demerzel stays friendly with you. Do you think I am such an idiot as not to know that? He expects something from you. He expects psychohistory from you and since I am no fool, I expect it, too. Seldon, are you for Joranum? The truth!† â€Å"No, Sire, I am not for him. I consider him an utter danger to the Empire.† â€Å"Very well, I believe you. You stopped a potential Joranumite riot at your University grounds single-handedly, I understand.† â€Å"It was pure impulse on my part, Sire.† â€Å"Tell that to fools, not to me. You had worked it out by psychohistory.† â€Å"Sire!† â€Å"Don't protest. What are you doing about Joranum? You must be doing something if you are on the side of the Empire.† â€Å"Sire,† said Seldon cautiously, uncertain as to how much the Emperor knew. â€Å"I have sent my son to meet with Joranum in the Dahl Sector.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"My son is a Dahlite-and shrewd. He may discover something of use to us.† â€Å"May?† â€Å"Only may, Sire.† â€Å"You'll keep me informed?† â€Å"Yes, Sire.† â€Å"And, Seldon, do not tell me that psychohistory is just a game, that it does not exist. I do not want to hear that. I expect you to do something about Joranum. What it might be, I can't say, but you must do something. I will not have it otherwise. You may go.† Seldon returned to Streeling University in a far darker mood than when he had left. Cleon had sounded as though he would not accept failure. It all depended on Raych now.

Make scientific value for the sociologists and students of subject who are studying restriction of industrial output

One of the aims of this article, Roy wanted to make scientific value for the sociologists and students of subject who are studying restriction of industrial output, and introduced human group behaviour on a production line as well as in an interracial discussion group. Another aim of article he attempted to estimate the blanket term' restriction' into several kinds and emphasized on evaluating quota restriction and goldbricking related with payment system depend on his experiences in a machine shop where he worked during last 10 months. (Roy, p427) In your own words, provide a 250-word summary of the key arguments in the paper In this article, Roy There are two major kinds of output limitations in production behaviour of the machine, which are ‘Quota Restriction' and ‘Goldbricking'. In Mayo's explanation for the quota restriction from his research in a bank-wiring group at Western Electric Ltd. He inferred output limitation due to lack of understanding of the economic logics of the management by worker, also he considered the economic man a fallacious conception. (p430) In ‘gravy' job, Roy found the workers only earn certain quota wages, then slow down or stop their work. Normally they don't make full effort on that. Because they knew, if they make maximum output, next the price of productions will go down, meanwhile they will get wages less than before they made numbers of productions less than that. Therefore, they limited amount of productions to protect their own economic interests, and wasted significant time and money for them and their company. In the Roy's proposal the worker should understand using economic logics of management. Machine operators alert to their economic interests. Because of ‘economic determinism' may account for quota restr iction. In contrast, ‘stinkers' is a very hard job. The worker resentful low pay that was considered too low for quota earnings and they thought it is not worth the effort to achieve quota or not satisfied on base wage rate without premium pay. Therefore they don not turn in equal to base wage rate or deliberately slowed down. What are the main theoretical and /or empirical findings of the article? One of the theoretical findings is from Mayo. According to Mayo (Pugh, 1971, p353)' he emphasized that workers must first be understood as people if they are to be understood as organization'. From this article we knew the workers who worked in that machine shop, knew quota of output in their shop and how to reduce earning from the same amount of effort expended or increase effort to maintain the take-home level. (p430) Another of theoretical findings is initiative and incentive system. Buchanan & Huczynski (1985) describes initiative and incentive system is ‘a form of job design practice in which worker are given a task to perform by management two also provide them with a financial incentive. Workers are then left to use their initive as to how to complete the task and which tool to use. One of empirical findings is wage condition can incent employee whether work hard/waste time during their working or not. According to online article (2004) ‘Monetary incentives can get workers to engage in ‘unnatural' behaviours'. As Roy's machine shop shows monetary incentives always drive behaviour to extreme. Another finding on empirical is Systematic Soldiering is group activity. According to Roy's article, he found this phenomenon which did not only single person do that, also it around the whole machine shop during his ten months working. In a brief conclusion, to what extent do you personally find the author's arguments convincing? Give reasons to justify your evaluation. From this article, I don not completely convince the author's argument, but part of the gap between the management and organization of human resources has not been keeping up with the technological advances to increase production output (p442), I think this argument could be accepted. First, the author was working and made a record in that machine shop just ten months. It is not able to cover all points and situations. According to his Roy's article, he said ‘a complete record might include management at higher levels, whose series of new rules, regulations, order, and pronuncamentos designed for purpose of expediting production processes actually operated to reduce the effectiveness of the work force' .(p442) In addition, author found some problems between management and organization of human resources are close to Frederick Taylor's principles of scientific management, and he suggested organizational management need to innovate. Those are arguments I convince.

Free Essays on A Look Into The Social Reproduction Of Inequality

, states that individuals’ family origins or class positioning does not have an impact on their occupational mobility or success. However, after reading Jay MacLeod’s Ain't No Makin’ It, and witnessing the two different groups of teenagers in the book, the Brothers and the Hallway Hangers, one believes in the achievement ideology and attends school and the other resists them, both in the end stay in the lower class lead me to question the â€Å"openness† of the â€Å"land of opportunity† (MacLeod 3). Focusing on the Hallway Hangers and the Brothers in Clarendon Heights, this paper will show that even thought family origins, which determines the location of residence and the ownership of cultural capital, have different impacts on the Hallway Hangers and the Brothers, it does â€Å"play their part in the reproduction of social inequality† (MacLeod 253), and thus, questions the validity of the achievement ideology.... Free Essays on A Look Into The Social Reproduction Of Inequality Free Essays on A Look Into The Social Reproduction Of Inequality According to MacLeod, an open society is a society that embraces meritocracy, which states â€Å"success is based on merit, and economic inequality is due to differences in ambition and ability† (3). â€Å"Individuals do not inherit their social status; they attain it on their own. Since education ensures equality of opportunity, the ladder of social mobility is there for all to climb,† and such â€Å"American Dream is held out as a genuine prospect for anyone with the drive to achieve it† (MacLeod 3). The achievement ideology, in other words, states that individuals’ family origins or class positioning does not have an impact on their occupational mobility or success. However, after reading Jay MacLeod’s Ain't No Makin’ It, and witnessing the two different groups of teenagers in the book, the Brothers and the Hallway Hangers, one believes in the achievement ideology and attends school and the other resists them, both in the end stay in th e lower class lead me to question the â€Å"openness† of the â€Å"land of opportunity† (MacLeod 3). Focusing on the Hallway Hangers and the Brothers in Clarendon Heights, this paper will show that even thought family origins, which determines the location of residence and the ownership of cultural capital, have different impacts on the Hallway Hangers and the Brothers, it does â€Å"play their part in the reproduction of social inequality† (MacLeod 253), and thus, questions the validity of the achievement ideology....

This essay is about the life of Alexander the Great.

This essay is about the life of Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great's relation to triumph is obvious; he created an army which took over most of the known world. But what is not known widely is how tragic his life was. I cannot do full justice to his life but I will do my best to describe it.When Alexander was a child his parents were constantly fighting and his father was usually away on campaigns, so he rarely saw him when he was young. He therefore was usually under his mother's influence.When he was a young man his father was killed and he had to take over an entire country by himself which was in very bad shape. As he grew he had to deal with disputes, revolts and cruel neighboring rivals.When he was a grown man he killed many people, including some of his friends while in a drunken rage who had saved his life.Alexander Muir Public School, Toronto, 1902 [OHQ-P...At one point in his life he killed a life long friend while drunk and then realizing what he had done would have killed himself if his bodyguards had not restrained h im. He then went into seclusion for three days.This is most likely just a small number of things that shaped Alexander the Great's life and it is likely some of the memories tormented him through most of his life. Most of Alexander's life was one big problem after another. I personally think it would have been hard to live with the blood of so many friends deaths on my hands, but maybe he could.Apart from the immense increase of international trade and the fraternization of many nations, what were the results, temporary and enduring, of the career of this great man? Of supreme and lasting importance to the world was the extension of Greek culture; secondly, a...

Definition and Examples of Word Triplets in English

Definition and Examples of Word Triplets in English In  English grammar  and  morphology, triplets  or word triplets are three distinct words derived from the same source but at different times and by different paths, such as place, plaza, and piazza (all from the Latin platea, a broad street). In most cases, such words have the same ultimate origin in Latin. Captain, Chief,andChef The triplets wont necessarily be obvious just by looking at the words but will take a little investigation for their relationship to come clear. English words encode interesting and useful historical information. For example, compare the words captainchiefchef All three derive historically from cap, a Latin word element meaning head, which is also found in the words capital, decapitate, capitulate, and others. It is easy to see the connection in meaning between them if you think of them as the head of a vessel or military unit, the leader or head of a group, and the head of a kitchen respectively. Furthermore, English borrowed all three words from French, which in turn borrowed or inherited them from Latin. Why then is the word element spelled and pronounced differently in the three words?The first word, captain, has a simple story: the word was borrowed from Latin with minimal change. French adapted it from Latin in the 13th century, and English borrowed it from French in the 14th. The sounds /k/ and /p/ have not changed in English since that time, and so the Latin element cap-  /kap/ remains substantially intact in that word.French did not borrow the next two words from Latin...French developed from Latin, with the grammar and vocabula ry being passed down from speaker to speaker with small, cumulative changes. Words passed down in this way are said to be inherited, not borrowed. English borrowed the word chief from French in the 13th century, even earlier than it borrowed captain. But because chief was an inherited word in French, it had undergone many centuries of sound changes by that time...It was this form that English borrowed from French.After English borrowed the word chief, further changes took place in French...Subsequently English also borrowed the word in this form [chef]. Thanks to the linguistic evolution of French and the English propensity to borrow words from that language, a single Latin word element, cap-, which was always pronounced /kap/ in Roman times, now appears in English in three very different guises. (Keith M. Denning, Brett Kessler, and William R. Leben, English Vocabulary Elements, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2007) Hostel, Hospital, and Hotel Another example [of triplets] is hostel (from Old French), hospital (from Latin), and hotel (from modern French), all derived from the Latin hospitale. (Katherine Barber, Six Words You Never Knew Had Something to Do With Pigs. Penguin, 2007) Similar but From Different Sources The resulting English triplets might not even look similar, depending on the route they took to get to English. The simultaneous borrowing of French and Latin words led to a highly distinctive feature of modern English vocabulary: sets of three items (triplets), all expressing the same fundamental notion but differing slightly in meaning or style, e.g., kingly, royal, regal; rise, mount, ascend; ask, question, interrogate; fast, firm, secure; holy, sacred, consecrated. The Old English word (the first in each triplet) is the most colloquial, the French (the second) is more literary, and the Latin word (the last) more learned. (Howard Jackson and Etienne Zà © Amvela, Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. Continuum, 2000)Still more remarkable is the fact that there are in our language words that have made three appearances- one through Latin, one through Norman-French, and one through ordinary French. These seem to live quietly side by side in the language, and no one asks by what claim they are here. They are useful; that is enough. These triplets are- reg al, royal, and real; legal, loyal, and leal; fidelity, faithfulness, and fealty. The adjective real we no longer possess in the sense of royal, but Chaucer uses it...Leal is most used in Scotland, where it has a settled abode in the well-known phrase the land o the leal. (J.M.D. Meiklejohn, The English Language, Its Grammar, History, and Literature.  12th ed. W.J. Gage, 1895)

Motivating Factors for Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivating Factors for Strategic Planning - Essay Example Management needs to take the staff members into confidence regarding how the strategic planning process would benefit them individually and collectively. Three key motivating drivers for organizations to engage in the strategic planning process are obtainment of competitive advantage, preparing for the future, and The first motivator to engage in the strategic planning process for an organization is to gain competitive advantage over its contemporaries in the market. Many entrepreneurs with money establish businesses but they do not know what it takes to expand and sustain the business. â€Å"If a business has little idea where it is headed, it will wander aimlessly with priorities changing constantly and employees confused about the purpose of their jobs† (Online Business Advisor, 2006). Strategic planning process allows an organization to focus its manufacturing, marketing, and research efforts in such a way that the end product or service caters for the interest of exactly the population that needs it. The second motivating factor for organizations to engage in the strategic planning process is to prepare for the future. The golden principle that organizations follow is, â€Å"If you don’t know where you’re going, you’ll probably end up someplace else† (Waechter, 2012). The strategic planning process help the organizations achieve this by delineating the steps that lead an organization to its desired future. An additional benefit it provides is that it helps the organizational personnel to optimize on their potential and enhance their productivity since they know what roadmap they have to follow. In short, the strategic planning process helps the management make informed decisions to have long-term benefits for the organization and all people associated with it. Another very important motivating factor for organizations to engage in the strategic planning process is to prepare for change. In the present age, when technology advances

External Auditors and Fraud Examiners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

External Auditors and Fraud Examiners - Essay Example This paper illustrates that an external auditor is so called as to distinguish him from an internal auditor who is an in-house professional. While the internal auditor is a paid employee of the entity, the external auditor is an independent professional engaged by the entity for a fee and as required by Companies Act.   To be more specific, an external auditor gives his opinion as to whether financial statements are materially correct. He is deemed independent as he has no special relationship and pecuniary interest in the client that might possibly encourage him to ignore adverse facts and evidence of the client the auditor evaluates. Thus, to be independent, the auditor cannot both work under the client as well as act as the client’s external auditor. The external auditor also carries out compliance, operational and forensic audits. Forensic auditing is a special purpose audit to unearth financial frauds and other crimes. Forensic as its meaning (i.e. of the law) suggests, forensic auditors, detect information for being used as litigation support. If the forensic auditor is a CA or CPA, his evidence at trial would lend more credibility although it is not mandatory for a forensic auditor to have a CPA license in the U.S. The external auditor in the process of his auditing activity concludes whether the assertions made in the financial statements are true and fair. The assertions are in the nature of how the business is conducted that is how its business generates income and spends it, how it manages its inventory, how it records information about its property, plant, equipment, its long-term liabilities, equity, cash, and investments. Although forensic auditing and fraud examining are interchangeably used, both are different disciplines. While forensic accounting involves the application of professional accounting skills in a civil or criminal litigation. Thus, most of the fraud examinations are part of forensic accounting, but every forensic accostin g is a fraud examination. For example, an expert may be said to be engaged in forensic accounting while the furnishing value of a property to the court which need not involve any fraud unlike in the case of fraud examination.

Declaration of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Declaration of Independence - Essay Example There is no big difference between the initial Declaration and the final version. Most of the wording was retained as it was in the initial document. Very minimal alterations were made on the document. In comparing Jefferson’s initial Declaration with the final version, it can be noted that most of the alterations made were on the wording in the document. This was more for the purpose of clarity than for alteration of meaning of the words in the Declaration. Of the draft presented to Congress, only two passages were rejected directly by Congress. One of the passages referred to the English people in an inappropriate manner which did not go down well with congress since even the Americans were of British roots. The other passage which denounced slavery and slave trade did not please Congress as many members owned slaves and were not willing to set them free. The alterations of the wording in the document was to give the document a more personalized feel as will be explained by the following examples. Some of the alterations for example at the start of the Declaration where the article â€Å"of† is changed to â€Å"by†, was intended to bring out the aspect of personalization. The alteration of the words â€Å"sacred & undeniable† to read â€Å"self evident† may have been done to avoid the statement a religious feel. Some alterations were made for grammatical purposes to avoid unintended meanings from statements. This is evident in the second paragraph where the article â€Å"in† was deleted before the word â€Å"rights†. It is clear from this example that inclusion of the article would have given the statement a different meaning that was not intended by the drafters of the declaration. Other alterations may have been made to correct human error as in the case where Jefferson deletes the words â€Å"he has dissolved† from the beginning of a line he was writing. It is clear that this was because he was repeating the previous line and on

Short answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short answer - Essay Example However, the state in availing welfare to the public acts within certain outlined guidelines meant to evaluate certain involved loses or costs, hence implement measures whose purpose is to limit excesses of some individual groups. Implementation of SOPA seeks to ensure public interest via shunning either intrusion or pirating of people’s intellectual property and counterfeit goods (â€Å"Economics Week†). Mainly, the provision of this enforcement involves requesting court to prevent advertising bodies and online payment facilities from conducting transactions with infringing websites or search engines (â€Å"Economics Week†). Hence, expand the already existing laws with the intention of safeguarding the public’s interest by barring streaming of unauthorized copyrighted content and imposing harsh sentences to the culprits not more than five years. as a result of this first â€Å" mass† medium of communication linguistic unity would be one of the broadcasting’s main effects establishing physical and cultural unification not only English, but proper, uninflected English would become the national standard/norm. defined as â€Å" pussy- willow† English Somehow, this will yield to the eroding of some cultural practices but with time. Since, the upcoming generation due to this implementation will tend to move away from their cultural norms and adopt the incoming practices or ways of life. This is to ensure they interact with others while contributing to varied issues being broadcasted, for instance, those pertaining to politics. They usually erode diverse and numerous archaic practices commonly held by people as taboo, hence prompting all genders assuming roles that were earlier prohibited. For instance, in acting whereby each gender and people from varied races can mimic whom they want in plays for the purpose of relaying the intended information. This has extended to the present but

Contemporary Brand management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Contemporary Brand management - Essay Example In this paper, the concepts of branding and its relation to the brand NIVEA have been discussed. The paper comprises of theoretical concepts of brand positioning and brand analysis related to NIVEA brand. The concept of ethics and branding of NIVEA have also been included. Finally, the ways of improvement of brand management has been recommended in the paper. 2.0 Brand Brand is regarded as a trademark that distinguishes itself from other brands or products. The visual uniqueness of a brand is the combination of several features such as name, symbols, letters, shape, slogan, signature, colour and others. Name is considered as the most vital element of brand. The name of the brand cannot change frequently but other elements can be changed in due course of time. There is an important reason to change the name of products or services. It is generally conducted to expand the brand appeal in new markets where the original name may not act as advantageous or considered as standardised in th e ‘international trademark portfolio’ of the company. Brand may generate higher revenue that may have an influence on the overall performance of the business (Interbrand, 2004). Product is considered as a thing that can be bought or used, but brand is the promise related to certain things i.e. intangible. It may be guarantee of quality, heritage, prestige and others. A company when enters a new market, might launch new products, but they are totally depended on their existing brand for success (Davis & Baldwin, 2006). Brand is considered as the image related to products or services that can be developed in the mind of the consumers. On the other hand, company image relates to prospective customers, valued customers, lost customers and group of people associated with the company (Scribd, 2011). NIVEA is one of the international skin care companies and family owned brands by Beiersdorf. The brand is targeted in satisfying the need of the consumers. Their products range fr om female face as well as body products to shaving gel, sun care lines and deodorants for men (Keller, n.d.). The market of the brand is segmented based on the fulfilment of consumer’s needs. Segmentation is done in two ways: one relates to include consumer with identical tastes or needs and the other, consumers are highly content by products so as to meet the needs. The NIVEA brand introduced three product segments, i.e. protection, after sun and self tan. There are various products that come under this segment (Scribd, 2011). The women were the major target market of NIVEA, especially the upper section of the society. They are delighted with the products of NIVEA that involve both care and to beautify the skin. However, nowadays their products range from women towards men care products (Slideshare, 2011). There are several competitors of NIVEA that include L’Oreal, Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Estee Launder Cos, Avon Products and Johnson & Johnson among others (Adbran ds.net, 2011). The cream of NIVEA has become the primary product of their business and it is indicating their brand name as well. Besides NIVEA cream, other related products such as sun care products, body soap, powder, tanning lotion and oil also become the major products of the brand. The cream has received brand identity as a ‘caretaker’ of skin (Keller, n.d.). In order to be more competitive the executive at Beiersdorf’

Parents Attitudes Toward Learning Through Play in The Foundation Stage Essay

Parents Attitudes Toward Learning Through Play in The Foundation Stage - Essay Example This study aims to investigate parents’ attitudes toward learning through play in the foundation stage. 1.3 Objectives Specific objectives of this research are as follows: 1. To research related literature in order to define play and the types of play used in the foundation stage 2. To establish why play is important for children’s development. 3. To explore parents’ beliefs and attitudes regarding play as a way of learning in the foundation stage using primary research. 4. To identify whether parents provide any play activities at home to support children’s development at the foundation stage 1.4 Rationale of the Study This research aims to explore how parents truly regard play and if they do believe in its benefit to support children’s development especially in the foundation stage. This information would be very helpful for practitioners so that they know how to engage parents’ cooperation and support in schools. It is believed that parent s are important collaborators in their children’s learning since they can provide the resources and experiences to help them learn both at home and in school. In partnership with teachers, parents can help enhance the curriculum in ways that engage children’s interest, so it becomes meaningful and fun for them. Play is one way that makes this possible. Parents are seen as partners in their children’s education, so it is worthwhile to study how they view their role as parents of very young children who constantly engage in play as a form of enjoyment. Becoming aware that play may be used in the educational setting for learning as well as enjoyment may confuse parents as to the role play is given in the foundation...From the research, it can be comprehended that play comes naturally to children. From the time they are infants, the play is an activity that they engage in to learn about their world. As they grow older, they discover more about the world around them through play. They use their senses to explore objects and learn about concepts such as of cause and effects when they manipulate objects. Macintyre asserts that young children learn better in play-like settings. Concepts are retained better when learned in an easy, relaxed and fun atmosphere that does not pressure children to perform in ways that stress them to achieve. Macintyre continues to endorse the value of play in all the developmental areas of children. Play’s rich and varied meanings have resulted in theorists being unable to come up with a single standard definition. Isaacs was one of the first known theorists to define play as the work of the child whereas more recently Bruce regards play as â€Å"the highest form of learning in early childhood†. Moyles comments on how the play is valuable as an excellent learning medium and educators who attempt to define play describe similar features such as enjoyment, spontaneity and active engagement. Still, the diffic ulty of finding a precise and conclusive definition of play persists. Greig contends that this may be due to its ambiguity and variety, as play serves various roles and functions. Another reason for the difficulty in finding one standard definition is that â€Å"the boundaries of play are fluid† and so may cover different activities.

Contemporary Brand management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Contemporary Brand management - Essay Example In this paper, the concepts of branding and its relation to the brand NIVEA have been discussed. The paper comprises of theoretical concepts of brand positioning and brand analysis related to NIVEA brand. The concept of ethics and branding of NIVEA have also been included. Finally, the ways of improvement of brand management has been recommended in the paper. 2.0 Brand Brand is regarded as a trademark that distinguishes itself from other brands or products. The visual uniqueness of a brand is the combination of several features such as name, symbols, letters, shape, slogan, signature, colour and others. Name is considered as the most vital element of brand. The name of the brand cannot change frequently but other elements can be changed in due course of time. There is an important reason to change the name of products or services. It is generally conducted to expand the brand appeal in new markets where the original name may not act as advantageous or considered as standardised in th e ‘international trademark portfolio’ of the company. Brand may generate higher revenue that may have an influence on the overall performance of the business (Interbrand, 2004). Product is considered as a thing that can be bought or used, but brand is the promise related to certain things i.e. intangible. It may be guarantee of quality, heritage, prestige and others. A company when enters a new market, might launch new products, but they are totally depended on their existing brand for success (Davis & Baldwin, 2006). Brand is considered as the image related to products or services that can be developed in the mind of the consumers. On the other hand, company image relates to prospective customers, valued customers, lost customers and group of people associated with the company (Scribd, 2011). NIVEA is one of the international skin care companies and family owned brands by Beiersdorf. The brand is targeted in satisfying the need of the consumers. Their products range fr om female face as well as body products to shaving gel, sun care lines and deodorants for men (Keller, n.d.). The market of the brand is segmented based on the fulfilment of consumer’s needs. Segmentation is done in two ways: one relates to include consumer with identical tastes or needs and the other, consumers are highly content by products so as to meet the needs. The NIVEA brand introduced three product segments, i.e. protection, after sun and self tan. There are various products that come under this segment (Scribd, 2011). The women were the major target market of NIVEA, especially the upper section of the society. They are delighted with the products of NIVEA that involve both care and to beautify the skin. However, nowadays their products range from women towards men care products (Slideshare, 2011). There are several competitors of NIVEA that include L’Oreal, Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Estee Launder Cos, Avon Products and Johnson & Johnson among others (Adbran ds.net, 2011). The cream of NIVEA has become the primary product of their business and it is indicating their brand name as well. Besides NIVEA cream, other related products such as sun care products, body soap, powder, tanning lotion and oil also become the major products of the brand. The cream has received brand identity as a ‘caretaker’ of skin (Keller, n.d.). In order to be more competitive the executive at Beiersdorf’

People grieve over the death of a loved one in different ways Essay

People grieve over the death of a loved one in different ways - Essay Example For most people, when a loved one dies, they definitely feel a deep sense of sadness. The realization that the person will not be with the family anymore makes the living members cry inconsolably. However, they also realize that life has to go on with them. For some, they may try to cope with the pain and loss by denying the death of the loved one. They continue to live their lives as if the dead family member simply went on a long vacation. Some even try to write letters to make them feel that the person they love did not pass away but is just on another side of the globe. Others keep on doing things they enjoyed doing for the person such as cooking their favorite foods on special occasions. Some would keep their favorite things and use the favorite scents of the person they have lost. They want to feel the presence of the dead person by cheating on their perceptions and feelings. This may last for a few weeks, months or even years depending on a person’s ability to accept an d face the truth. On the other hand, a person may feel angry. Sometimes, they do not understand why they feel that way or they do not even know who they are angry at. They just feel indignant because they have lost a person whom they love. Some feel they do not deserve the loss. For instance, a wife who recently got married to the best man she has ever met suddenly losses him in a car accident with a drunk driver who miraculously survives. The circumstances can initially make her angry at the drunk driver. Eventually, she will question why the reckless, wicked drunk driver lived while her wonderful husband died. For those who believe in God, such questioning can turn the hatred toward the supposedly Omnipotent God. This grieving mechanism may not be helpful in the turn of events but it somehow helps the person release the anger and anguish within. In addition, an

The Showtime Sound Lighting System Information Technology Essay

The Showtime Sound Lighting System Information Technology Essay The Showtime Sound Lighting System undertaken as a project is based on relevant technologies. The main aim of this project is to develop software for sound lighting System. This project has been developed to carry out the processes easily and quickly, which is not possible with the manuals systems, which are overcome by this software. Hence it provides the complete solution to provide customer services and time management. The software provides good services and remove the repetitions in order to nurture the needs of the customer by providing various ways tasks. Also, to improve time management to handle large volume of business. Current Problems faced by the system Currently, the traditional manual system holds the information on clipboards until it is entered on the computer system. The current system is the one that evolved as the company grew from a part-time, one-man business to a full-time operation with permanent employees. The system does not ensure that the services can be provided to the customers needs. They are using computers to store the information or customer data i.e. Proposals, orders and invoices, in MS-WORD documents and thus redundancy of data is created which leads to inefficient programming and also decrease in the productivity. System Requirements Showtime Sound Lighting System is intended to help the user keep account of his customers in an efficient way. Thus provide good services and increase the productivity. It helps to handle the large volume of business, to provide good services to the customers, to remove the redundancy by providing various technicalities. The system is required to run in a more efficient way thus save time. If it is not feasible for customer to get the proper services then he has got no option left. The main aim of project will be to minimize these limitations and provide customer with better functionalities and services. Requirements Specification Requirement analysis is the first technical step in the software engineering process. It is at this point that a general statement of software scope is redefined into concrete a specification that forms the foundation for all software engineering activities that follow. There is no doubt that the presentation of specification has much to do with quality of the solution. Developers working with incomplete, inconsistent, or misleading specifications have to ultimately deal with confusion and frustration. The quality, timeliness and completeness of the software suffer as a consequence. Software Requirement Specification is developed as a consequence of analysis and market surveys. Review is essential to ensure that the developers and customers have the same perception of the problem. Unfortunately, even with the best of the methods, the problem is that the requirements keep on changing conditions. So it is necessary that during the requirement specification, user should know competence of the software. Requirements are prone to issues of ambiguity, incompleteness, and inconsistency. Techniques such as rigorous inspection have been shown to help deal with these issues. Ambiguities, incompleteness, and inconsistencies that can be resolved in the requirements phase typically cost orders of magnitude less to correct than when these same issues are found in later stages of product development. Requirements analysis strives to address these issues. Take a long time to produce Begin to limit the implementation option available Are costly to produce Requirements for both the system and the software are documented and reviewed with the customer. Scope of Project Today, the information technology has become the very advance and so the convenient means of handling the lots of information. The Showtime Lighting System is an application for maintaining a customers account in a company. The system provides the access to the customer to create a request, validate provide services to customers. Project Objectives And Deliverables: The objective is to design a tool which consists of all basic functionalities of an organization that holds all information of the customer using this application, value added services provided by the company that can be accessed by the users (customer and administration) through a user-friendly interface. There can be a possibility of online business. Target Customer Base: This system is made in such a way that this will be able to meet the basic requirements of advanced user as well as for the user those who are new to the system. Having a user friendly GUI, this application is a good option to used by a large section Feasibility Analysis Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of the existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success. In its simplest term, the two criteria to judge feasibility are cost required and value to be attained. As such, a well-designed feasibility study should provide a historical background of the business or project, description of the product or service, accounting statements, details of the operations and management, marketing research and policies, financial data, legal requirements and tax obligations. Generally, feasibility studies precede technical development and project implementation. Technical Feasibility Technical Feasibility centers on the existing manual system and to what extent it can support the proposed system. According to the feasibility analysis procedure, the technical feasibility of the proposed system is analyzed and the technical requirements such as software facilities, hardware facilities, procedures, inputs and outputs are identified. It is one of the important phases of the system development. In technical feasibility the following issues are taken into consideration. Whether the required technology is available or not Whether the required resources are available Manpower- programmers, testers debuggers Software and hardware Once the technical feasibility is established, it is important to consider the monetary factors also. Since it might happen that developing a particular system may be technically possible but it may require huge investments and benefits may be less. For evaluating this, economic feasibility of the proposed system is carried out. Showtime Sound Lighting System requires only the software to be installed on the system and the information can be accessed by authorized user in the organization. Economic Feasibility An economic feasibility test focuses on returns and costs of a proposed plan in both the short and long-term. An economic feasibility study (EFS) should consider investment and operating costs, the time value of money, risk and uncertainty, quality of available data, and the sensitivity of assumptions. An economic feasibility study should demonstrate the net benefit of the proposed course of action in the context of direct and indirect benefits and costs to the organization and to the general public as a whole. An EFS makes a business case, prepares analytical worksheets and other necessary supporting documentation. An EFS should be required for both pilot and long-term activities, plans and projects. For any system if the expected benefits equal or exceed the expected costs, the system can be judged to be economically feasible. In economic feasibility, cost benefit analysis is done in which expected costs and benefits are evaluated. Economic analysis is used for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed system. In economic feasibility, the most important is cost-benefit analysis. As the name suggests, it is an analysis of the costs to be incurred in the system and benefits derivable out of the system. Showtime Sound Lighting System requires the software to be economically feasible. It should be according to the cost benefit analysis of the company. Organizational Feasibility The success of investment projects depend to a large extent on the capability of those responsible for managing them. The feasibility analysis should investigate the legal status of the organization, the level of staffing and the capability of the management and staff. Organizational Feasibility is conducted to determine whether a proposed business has sufficient management expertise, organizational competence, and resources to successfully launch its business. This also involves questions as whether it brings an excessive amount of change, and whether the organization is changing too rapidly to absorb it. It involves the questions as: Is the current organisational structure able to provide the necessary support during the implementation phase? How can a managing scheme for the project be crafted out of this structure and effectively interface with it? Will the systems introduction create new needs that cannot be accommodated by the current organisational structure? Is it possible to plan and implement all needed organisational changes in time, so as not to delay the systems implementation and operation? Showtime Sound Lighting System requires the software to be designed according to the needs of the organization Schedule Feasibility The schedule feasibility shows the estimated time to complete the project. This includes the schedules of each process in a project and the total project time. This can change if unexpected challenges occur. A project will fail if it takes too long to be completed before it is useful. Typically this means estimating how long the system will take to develop, and if it can be completed in a given time period using some methods like payback period. Schedule feasibility is a measure of how reasonable the project timetable is. Given our technical expertise, are the project deadlines reasonable? Some projects are initiated with specific deadlines. You need to determine whether the deadlines are mandatory or desirable. Showtime Sound Lighting System requires the software to be built within the stipulated time in an efficient way. Resource feasibility This involves questions such as how much time is available to build the new system, when it can be built, whether it interferes with normal business operations, type and amount of resources required, dependencies, do you have enough resources, what resources will be required, what facilities will be required for the project, etc. Showtime Sound Lighting System requires the software to be built by skilled and expert resources. Not only should the software be handled further by expert resources. Current Systems Specification UML Case Diagram This diagram displays the brief description of the current existing system. In this SSL System receive request from customers, then the request is validated, it will check for the equipment availability, after the equipments available then generate proposal, after that generate order and then the bill is provided to the customer. Major Description This diagram describes all the scenarios in detail with all possibilities of the current prevailing system SSL System gathers information from customers, put it on the clipboard, then validate customer request, then enter into the computer system maintaining the customer information. If existing customer then update the information otherwise create a new customer. After that, check for the mode of request. Whether it rental or information is for purchase or operators support. Accordingly the equipments availability is checked by the user. If the equipment is available and the associated employee is also available, the order is generated. Then the services are provided to the customer. Structural Model (Class Diagram) The below diagram displays all the classes and their relationship of the existing current system. In this diagram, different classes have been generated with attributes and methods. First is customer class with attributes and methods getcustomerdetails(), addnewcustomer() and updatecustomer(). Then the class event is created with methods addnewevent(), updateebent(). There is 1 to many relationship between customer and event. Employee class is created with methods getemployee(). One customer can deal with only one employee at a time depends upon the availability of employee. Then order class is generated with methods generateorder(), generatebill(). One employee can generate many orders at a time. . Activity Diagram This diagram shows all the activities of the prevailing system. In this diagram, first get the request from customer, check for the equipment availability, then process the request mode i.e. whether it is rental request, or request for purchase or request for the operators support. After taking the decision the information is first written on the clipboard, and then stored in the computer. After checking the time requirement and employee availability, the proposal is generated. Once the proposal is confirmed, the order is generated and the services are provided to the customer. Structured Design Models A Context Analysis Diagram A Context Diagram confines project scope to an agreed limit by obtaining agreement from the customer on the data flows that are included in the scope of a project. The Context Diagram focuses on relationships with external entities and identifies the information that is exchanged between these external entities and the business system under review. The external entities themselves are outside the scope of the project but the data flows between the entities and the business system are within the project scope. Customer SSL SYSTEM Customer Provide services Generate Proposal Equipment Availability Information request Equipment details validate request Generate Order Request Type request details validate proposal A LEVEL 0 DFD On Level 0, a DFD shows all the data flows from the system to the external entities, with the whole system being represented as one large process. A Level 0 diagram is sometimes created to show the interaction of the system with external entities, some of which may also be systems. Process Request CUSTOMER CUSTOMER Information Services A LEVEL 1 DFD Customer request information Collect information on clipboard Process Request Provide Services Update Information Generate Order details check for equipment Generate proposal Process Equipment availability validate information equipment available Employee availability Schedule Timing Mode of request rental,purchase,operator support A LEVEL 2 DFD 1.2 Check for equipment availability 1.1 Process Request Customer send request details 1.3 Process Request Type provide services equipment details 1.4 Generate order order details A Level 1 DFD A Level 1 DFD normally shows very few (8 10) processes, and is intended to explain the basic functioning of the system. A Level 1 diagram should show all the processes of the system and the external entities that the system actively interacts with (and in some rare cases exchange of data between those external entities, when absolutely necessary). A Level 2 DFD This level is a decomposition of a process shown in a level-1 diagram, as such there should be a level-2 diagram for each and every process shown in a level-1 diagram. In this example, processes 1.1, 1.2 1.3 are all vital of process 1. Together they wholly and completely describe process 1, and combined must perform the full capacity of this parent process. Proposed System Specificaion UML Model Detailed Use Case Model Problem Situation Showtime Sound Lighting (SSL) Inc is an organization deals with the equipments related with sound and lighting systems. SSL deals with wide range of customers. Many local organizations, churches, and entertainment businesses have contracts for support of sound, projection, and lighting in their facilities. SSL provides different types of services such as provide equipments on rent, for purchase; they also provide operators support to the customers. To produce a large amount of business, they frequently upgrade the cost of equipment but this leads to their loss. They also occasionally upgrade damaged or obsolete equipment. Currently SSL system is divided into four major business activities in providing services and products to its customers. Collect and process customer information and requests. A customer provides a request to SSL. If the request is from an existing customer, it is compared to previous requests. This process requires information from the customer file. The information of the customer is then updated. If the customer is new, a customer file is created that records the newly obtained customer information. Match customer requirements with equipment availability. The customers order information is collected, specifically listing the customers needs. Customer requirements can range from a simple set of items to purchase to a request for consulting services resulting in recommended alternative system solutions to a request for a full set of equipment complete with operators. After availability of equipment, the order can be generated. After that match the details with customer time requirements as well with the availability of employee. There are two types of employees working in the organization i.e. Permanent employees and contractors which are again full time part time. If the employee schedules match with the customer requirements, then the proposal will be raised. Customers want SSL to bid. To prepare the bid SSL must compare needs with equipment and personnel availability. Equipment and personnel requirements must be planned for and reserved in the event that the proposal is accepted. This is often the case for organizations that must obtain approval from finance committees. When the organization accepts the proposal, the order is then created, and the equipment and personnel are scheduled to support the event. After that the service provides to the customer. In current environment or system there is no proper database being maintained. All the information gathered from the customer is stored on the clipboard and then written on MS-WORD to convert and store data electronically. In this way, the data can be repeated. It means the same order, information of the customers, etc. can be repeated which is not an efficient way of programming. Moreover, redundancy leads to the confusion in the system. There can be the confusion that which equipment is available, or which of the equipments has been given to which customer etc. Then Provide services and products. The process entails the actual support of the event. SSL management prepares a list of all support needed for the event so that the technician delivers everything SSL has agreed to provide. This list is essential because the support needed for a large gathering must be on hand and functional at the time of the event. All order information is provided to the technician. This allows the tech nician to load all necessary equipment and to ensure that the proper contract workers, if required, are available for the event. At the conclusion of the event, the technician must report that the order was successfully completed. If any overtime was required, the technician must report this as well so that the contract workers are properly paid. The technician also evaluates the performance of the contract workers; this information helps SSL decide which workers to hire for future events. Finally, the technician notes any equipment problems that may require immediate attention or routine maintenance. Comparison and Analysis SSL provides different types of services such as provide equipments on rent, for purchase; they also provide operators support to the customers. To produce a large amount of business, they frequently upgrade the cost of equipment but this leads to their loss. A manual system stores the information on clipboards and later on enters the information in computer system. In this way an efficient data and accurate data cannot be stored for later use.. Moreover there can be redundancy of data that leads to confusion. The system currently does not ensure that customer information is readily available to support daily operations, nor does it provide information needed for decision making by management. As a result, much of the information in the set of customer files is repetitious. The business currently does not have a system for assigning customer numbers or cross-referencing documents. Locating information about a specific order, previous customer service provided, and other business acti vities are time-consuming and difficult. This deficiency in turn has a negative impact on servicing customer. All order information is provided to the technician. On the contrary, the Proposed Showtime Sound Lighting System is a system based on relevant technologies. The main aim of this project is to develop software for sound lighting System. The software provides good services and remove the repetitions in order to nurture the needs of the customer by providing various ways tasks. Also to improve time management to handle large volume of business. The traditional manual is being overcome by the information stord in proper databases in the proposed system.Currently, the traditional manual system hold the information on clipboards until it is entered on the computer system but in the proposed system , the data will be stored in the databases for all the functions and activities take place in the organization. There should be more permanent employees which are of full time to increase the productivity.Collect and process customer information and requests. For this a separate customer database should be created with the relevant fields. Cust_id should be the key field. That it stores only unique records, not more than one same record can be stored. A customer provides a request to SSL. Check for the existing customer in customer database and update the information.. If the customer is new, add his information in the database through addnewcustomer() method. Match customer requirements with equipment availability. The details of the equipments should be stored in another database called item .If the equipment is available then (check for the availability from the database) then validate request. In validation, check for the genuine order being placed by the customer. After this check which type of request is being made, i.e the order is for rental, purchase or the operators support is needed. Again this information is also stored in separate database. If all the information is stored in separate database, then there would be no chances of redundancy and smooth functioning of the system. As far relationship is concerned, relation can be with the cust_id. Many customers can place the orders at the time and all the details should be stored in their respective databases. Only one equipment should be provided to one customer. For the availability of the equipments, check the database and update the database side by side. Match the requirement with the employee availability and also with the time required. Update the database of the employee for the same to validate the request. The customers order information is collected, specifically listing the customers needs. Order should be generated and the details should be stored in order database along with its type and the shipping details of the customer To increase the productivity and goodwill , the company should appoint more and more full time skilled employees. In this way they can provide good services to the customers.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein - Victor Frankenstein is to Blame Essay

Victor Frankenstein is to Blame Can an intense appetency for the pursuit of knowledge result in fatal consequences? In most situations when a strong desire is present consequences are seldom taken into consideration. In the novel, Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein pursues knowledge in an obsessive manner that blinds him to the possible effects. Victor Frankenstein is the primary cause of his creature's desolation. Indeed, Victor Frankenstein is at fault for the creature's isolation and malformation, which causes the creature to feel rejected, lonely, and determined to seek revenge. Victor Frankenstein's determination to constitute a race causes him to create a deformed creature, which he immediately rejects. In the first place, Victor, who is strong willed, spends both night and day working on his creation, his initial concern is to create a race in which he may be their leader. He also uses parts that are bigger in size so that he may finish faster. When he finishes his reaction is completely different from what he had expected. For instance, when he is done with his creation he becomes so appalled by its appearance that he "rushed out of the room" (42). When Victor awakens the next morning he finds the creature at his bedside and at that moment he leaves. When he returns he finds an empty house with no creature in sight, which brings him a feeling of relief. Victor describes the creature as a "demonical corpse" (43) to which he has given life. Furthermore, Victor, sometime later, sees the creature at a distance and never once decides to approach i t. Instead Victor always rushes in the opposing direction. For example, while Victor is on his journey home he crosses the lake to Plainpalais and sees... ...s wickedness and its wanting to seek revenge. Â   In conclusion, Victor Frankenstein is to blame for the actions of the creature, which was brought about by its rejection. Victor became obsessive in his work, but when his creation was complete he fully rejected it causing the creature to lead a life of solitude. The monster also attempts to seek acceptance from society and fails. The creature, also aware that it has been rejected by Victor, pursues a life of revenge killing those dear to him. Hence, if Victor would have never abandoned his creation the multiple deaths of the innocent could have been prevented. Works Consulted Boyd, Stephen. York Notes on Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Longman York Press, 1992. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992

The Influence of Mass Media on the Way Political Campaigns are Run Essa

The Influence of Mass Media on the Way Political Campaigns are Run On the Monday when the United States Supreme Court issued its ruling on whether the deadline for certifying votes could be extended in Florida, there was an unsettling sight on TV. News correspondents came flying out of the court and stood, out of breath, before the cameras. Without having read the six-page ruling, reporters began to talk to millions of people about what the court had done. Some reporters got it flat wrong, saying the high court's ruling was in favor of George W. Bush and a defeat for Al Gore. News wire services and several Web sites also incorrectly summarized the court's action. It was only later that the news media corrected itself by reporting that the court had simply sent the case back to the Florida Supreme Court and requested some clarification. Walter Cronkite, the living legend of TV news, has criticized his profession for having too much of an emphasis on getting the news out fast. And the Society of Professional Journalists has criticized the media in the aftermath of these events for failing to act independently in their reporting on the election...so what is the real role of the media in political campaigns? Does it report or influence? INTRODUCTION One of the most important aspects of political elections is its media presentation. This is especially enhanced in the United States where the majority of the people are media thirsty. The important factor that plays on the electoral process is the ability to promote and set the agenda for the candidate. This comes from the outcome they want from their campaigns. Most candidates believe that their policy to promote their agenda at the beginning of the year is never effective because people eventually get tired of watching their faces and their biographies on the media channels and other mass media distribution. Hence, it acts negatively on the psychology of the people. Therefore it is imperative that media must be used in a very contingent manner. Secondly, the image of the candidate presented in mass media is paid therefore they need to be effective. Candidates depend on the office of the campaigner to do this. The media for example gives the power to the candidate to create policy views in a realistic manner that is meant to attract the attention of the viewer. The imagery, the impression and the psycho... ... influence people to believe that the candidates are true to their campaigning. Even if they were losing against the main opponent, they are still willing to fight till the last moment because what they believe is concrete. This creates a ripple effect on the voters, thereby compelling them to make decisions for the candidate. Those who drop out earlier on do not get the benefit of last minute decision-makers. References 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Nichols, STAVE OFF THE PREDICTED LOW: VOTE TODAY. , Capital Times (Madison, WI), 02-16-1999, pp 8A. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lawrence, David. America: The Politics of Diversity. United States: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Masterson, Karen. â€Å"Campaign 2000: Businesses Feel Strains of Political ‘Shakedown’.† The Houston Chronicles. October 19, 2000, Star Edition. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Case Program, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University 1996 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TOM FITZGERALD, AIR WARS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. , The Record (Bergen County, NJ), 02-16-1996, pp a14. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BERTIL HANSON, 'Fixing' Campaign Spending. Vol. 15, The World & I, 03-01-2000, pp 32. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Julia Kindl, Agenda-Setting Function, Last modified: 3/15/00 http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu

Critical Analysis Of “Enduring Love” Essay

In â€Å"Enduring Love†, McEwan again creates a family that confronts a challenge and finds it difficult to survive. Joe and Clarissa are intellectuals living together in a well-appointed flat in a comfortable neighborhood in London. Clarissa is a professor researching Keats, and Joe is a well-known science writer with a doctorate in quantum electrodynamics who is somewhat dissatisfied with his decision to leave academia behind. Through the story utilizing the characters of Joe and Clarissa, McEwan articulates the idea humans are emotionally and intellectually evolved and are therefore less fit for survival than animals. Joe and Clarissa have figured out how to retain their individual identities within the relationship, so that they do not feel guilty that they lead separate lives, and do not become parasitic when they are together. Joe and Clarissa are aware of their individuality, and ultimately their relationship entails a defense against enmeshment, a protection of self against the encroachment of others, as a primary motivating factor. In the end it is their insistence on â€Å"me† over â€Å"us† that renders their connection vulnerable to withstand the challenge of obsession and madness from an outside source. In the novel’s celebrated opening scene, when Joe and Clarissa witness a hot air balloon in distress, Joe attempts, with several other men, to rescue the terrified boy inside the basket by pulling the balloon back to earth. The experience is undeniably traumatic. Joe’s guilt at letting go is overwhelming, and the sight of the dead body haunts him. Back at home, Joe and Clarissa comfort and support each other, cooperating in each other’s recovery by talking through the event and their feelings, and trying to work together to make meaning of it. McEwan is careful to show that their initial reaction to the trauma appears to reinforce the solidity of their relationship. It is an appropriate, mutual, and affiliative response. Clarissa recognizes Joe’s feelings and tries to help him: â€Å"‘ We’ve seen something terrible together. It won’t go away, and we have to help each other. And that means we’ll have to love each other even harder'† (McEwan 36). Moreover, Joe appreciates Clarissa’s efforts and feels delivered from his trauma by the physicality of her love: â€Å"she put her arms around my neck and brought my face close to hers. She knew I was a fool for this kind of encirclement. It made me feel that I belonged, that I was rooted and blessed† (McEwan 37). But for the reader, the event’s revelation of Joe and Clarissa’s relationship resonates on another level as well. Joe’s reflections on the nature of the cooperative effort enacted by the group of men can equally be applied to his relationship with Clarissa. He is remarkably aware, both during and after the event, of the extent to which human interaction is governed by a weighing of benefits, a balancing of pros and cons: â€Å"Selfishness†¦ is our mammalian conflict: what to give to the others and what to keep for yourself. Treading that line, keeping the others in check and being kept in check by them, is what we call morality† (McEwan 15). And, in the end, it is this constant hedging, this instinct to protect the self at the expense of risking connection with others, McEwan says, that dooms both the rescue and the relationship: â€Å"Someone said me, and then there was nothing to be gained by saying us†¦ Suddenly†¦ we were disintegrating. Suddenly the sensible choice was to look out for yourself (McEwan 15). In a sense, the extent to which Joe and Clarissa’s relationship is more of a compromise than a connection finds its expression in Joe’s astute observation about the men: â€Å"There may have been a vague communality of purpose, but we were never a team† (McEwan 11). With the metaphor of the balloon accident, McEwan implies the necessity for Joe and Clarissa to face the same choice as the rescuers – to let go and survive, or die. The audience is aware from the start of â€Å"Enduring Love† that the veneer of togetherness in this family belies a strong undercurrent of disconnection. To begin with, the reunion picnic is necessitated by the couple’s six week separation while Clarissa has pursued her own research abroad, leaving Joe home alone. Perhaps even more of a signal to the reader, however, is McEwan’s refusal to clarify the exact nature of Joe and Clarissa’s relationship. As the narrator, Joe describes his relationship with Clarissa as one of marriage: â€Å"We were seven years into a childless marriage of love† (McEwan 8). But then he refers to Clarissa not as his wife, but as his friend: ‘†Look, I’m sorry, I’m going back up to see my friend'† (28). Later, when he is talking to the widow of the balloon accident hero, he says it again: â€Å"I shook my head. There was my friend Clarissa, two farm laborers, a man called –â€Å"‘ (McEwan 122). It is significant that McEwan will not allow the consistent use of the word ‘wife’, even for the sake of convenience, and his refusal to do so comments on this couple’s lack of a formal commitment to connection. From the critical perspective and comparing to humans to animals in terms of the organizational system, Joe and Clarissa have learned to mediate conflict by focusing on the defects and failings of the partner. In a sense, McEwan implies, Joe and Clarissa’s relationship has always been about competition. In particular, Joe’s decision to give up â€Å"real science† for popular science puts him at a disadvantage with Clarissa, a promising scholar with a place at a university, who has a famous scientist as a Godfather. Moreover, their relationship is illuminated by the conflicts inherent in their chosen fields-the objectivity of science and the subjectivity of the humanities. Despite their mutual instincts for connection, and their evident love for each other, Joe and Clarissa have not, as a family, internalized a regulating dynamic by which the closure of their family can be defined and maintained. Unlike animals, Joe and Clarissa as humans are complex and evolved human beings that are reliant on comfort and habit rather than intimate dedication to each other, as evidenced by their readiness to turn the tension of the event onto their relationship rather than absorbing it together. As such they are less fir fit survival in a broad context and are vulnerable to inside and outside threats to their integrity. WORKS CITED McEwan, Ian. Enduring Love. New York: Anchor Books, 1999.

Occupational Therapy Efficacy After Stroke Health And Social Care Essay

This meta analysis of the referenced surveies aim to measure efficaciousness of occupational therapy: whether it focused specifically on personal activities of day-to-day populating improves recovery for patients following shot and to cognize does.Occupational therapy aims to assist people make their maximal degree of map and independency in all facets of day-to-day life. Reviewing 07 surveies with 1178 participants, people who had a shot were more independent in personal activities of day-to-day life like feeding, dressing, bathing, toileting and traveling approximately and more likely to keep these abilities if they received intervention from an occupational healer after shot. Abstract ( around 200-250 words ) Aims A systematic reappraisal of surveies proving the effectivity of occupational therapy in station shot patient, focused specifically on personal activities of day-to-day populating improves recovery for patients following shot. Datas beginnings We searched EBSCOMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library ( 2000- 2010 ) . AMED: Choice standards Selection standards included surveies that used randomized controlled tests of an occupational therapy intercession compared to usual attention or no attention, where shot patients practiced personal activities of day-to-day life, or public presentation in activities of day-to-day life was the focal point of the occupational therapy intercession. Review methods A meta-analysis, utilizing a random effects theoretical account, of 24 programmes identified in 19 tests. Effect sizes were adjusted by reverse discrepancy weights to command for surveies ‘ sample sizes.Findings.Main ConsequenceWe identified 64 potentially eligible tests and included nine surveies ( 1258 participants ) . Occupational therapy intercessions reduced the odds of a hapless result ( Peto odds ratio 0.67 ( 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) 0.51 to 0.87 ; P = 0.003 ) . and increased personal activity of day-to-day life tonss ( standardised mean difference 0.18 ( 95 % CI 0.04 to 0.32 ; P = 0.01 ) . For every 11 ( 95 % CI 7 to 30 ) patients having an occupational therapy intercession to ease personal activities of day-to-day life, one patient was spared a hapless result.DecisionsPatients who receive occupational therapy intercessions are less likely to deteriorate and are more likely to be independent in their ability to execute personal activities of day-to- day life. However, the exact nature of the occupational therapy intercession to accomplish maximal benefit demands to be defined..Chapter 1: Introduction:The overall purpose of this meta analysis was to measure the effectivity of OT in station shot patient. Extensive literature hunt was done by turn uping published shot rehabilitation direction intercession surveies that measured personal activities of day-to-day populating results among stroke patient. Datas were extracted from survey studies which included intercessions designed to better station shot activities of patient. From WHO ‘s study of planetary load of shot it was found that Worldwide 15 1000000s people suffer a shot yearly. 5milloin of these dices and another 5 million are left for good disabled, doing load on household and community. High blood force per unit area and baccy usage are considered as a major hazard factor for shot ( WHO, 2010 ) . The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines Stroke as â€Å" a clinical syndrome of resumed vascular beginning, typified by quickly developing marks of focal or planetary perturbation of intellectual map enduring more so 24 hours or taking to decease † ( WHO, 1978 ) . The causes of shot can be classified as: IschaemicA cause: blood supply to encephalon stopped due to formation of blood coagulum. It causes 70 % of all instances. Haemorrhagic: A encephalon harm caused due to spliting of blood vas which supply blood to encephalon There is besides a related status known as aA transient ischemic attackA ( TIA ) , which affect 35 people per 100,000 of population each twelvemonth and is associated with a really high hazard of shot in the first month of event upto one twelvemonth ( Coull, et al. , 2004 ) . In transeunt ischaemic onslaught the blood supply to the encephalon is temporarily interrupted due to inadequate intellectual or optic blood supply which is due to low blood flow, thrombosis or intercalation. Symptoms last for less than 24hours doing a kind of ‘mini-stroke ‘ ( Hankey and Warlow, 1994 ) . The hazard of decease due to stroke depends on its type like TIA has the best result whereas obstruction of an arteria is more unsafe, with rupture of blood vass. It has found that even if state is holding progress engineering and installations 60 % people die or become dependent doing high cost of intervention ( WHO, 2010 ) . Those of Afro-Caribbean beginning are at increased hazard of holding a shot, and the figure of people affected by the status is higher among this cultural group than any other. This is because people of Afro-Caribbean beginning have a familial sensitivity ( a natural inclination ) to developing diabetes and bosom disease, which are two conditions that can do shots. Ischaemic shots occur when blood coagulums block the flow of blood to the encephalon. Blood coagulums typically form in countries where the arterias have been narrowed or blocked by fatty cholesterol-containing sedimentations known as plaques. This narrowing of the arterias is known asA coronary artery disease. As the age progresss, our arterias become narrower, but certain hazard factors can perilously speed up the procedure. Hazard factors include: smoke, high blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) , fleshiness, high cholesterin degrees ( frequently caused by a high-fat diet ) , and a household history of bosom disease or diabetes. Diabetess is besides a hazard factor, peculiarly if it is ill controlled, because the extra glucose in the blood can damage the arterias. Haemorrhagic shots occur when a blood vas in the encephalon explosions. The chief cause of this is high blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) , which can weaken the arterias in the encephalon and do them prone to divide or tear. The hazard factors for high blood force per unit area include: being overweight, imbibing inordinate sums of intoxicant, smoke, a deficiency of exercising, and emphasis, which may do a impermanent rise in blood force per unit area. A individual ‘s cultural group can besides be a hazard factor for high blood force per unit area. One-half of all people of black-African or Caribbean beginning who are over 40 old ages of age are likely to hold high blood force per unit area. Research has suggested this is because people of African beginning have an increased sensitiveness to the effects of salt, which can do their blood force per unit area to lift. A hemorrhagic shot can besides sometimes occur as a consequence of a traumatic caput hurt ( NHS Choices, 2008 ) . Every twelvemonth, an estimated 150,000 people in the UK have a shot. That is one individual every five proceedingss ( Office of National Statistics, 2001 ) .The encephalon harm caused by shots agencies that they are the largest cause of grownup disablement in the UK. Peoples who are over 65 old ages of age are most at hazard from holding shots, although 25 % of shots occur in people who are under 65 old ages of age. It is besides possible for kids to hold shots ( NHS Choices, 2008 ) . Around 1000 people under 30 have a shot each twelvemonth. Stroke can ensue in many different disablements runing from motor control and urinary incontinency to depression and memory loss. Disablement has been conceptualized by the universe wellness organisation in footings organ disfunction ( damages ) , disablement ( trouble with undertaking ) , and disability ( societal disadvantage ) ( Post shot rehabilitation, 1995 ) . The analysis of cost of unwellness of shot by Saka et Al ( 2009 ) has found that shot has greater impact on economic system of UK, as intervention of and productivity loss originating due to stroke cost ?8.9 billion a twelvemonth. In which intervention cost is about 5 % of entire UK NHS costs. Direct attention including diagnosing, inmate attention and outpatient attention histories for about 50 % of the sum, informal attention costs 27 % and the indirect costs that is cost ensuing from premature decease due to stroke is 24 % . This survey concluded that chronic stage of shot is most dearly-won and hence suggested better apprehension of long-run attention in footings of its effectivity and cost-effectiveness is necessary. Due to stroke one side of the organic structure may be paralyzed or the musculuss on the affected side may weaken. After shot intervention is comprise of attention and rehabilitation ( Post shot rehabilitation, 1995 ) . During the period of acute inmate attention, patient will have rehabilitation and attention input from a assortment of qualified and unqualified nursing and allied wellness staff. It is hence of import that all staff should be familiar with the effects of shot, and able to efficaciously pull off jobs associating to stroke suitably within their functions. The effects of shot are manifold ; every bit good as the more seeable physical jobs ; stroke subsisters will probably hold a figure of emotional, cognitive, and communicating jobs ( Ross et al, 2009 ) Research shows that patients benefit from intervention in stroke units in the ague and rehabilitation stages ( Indredavik, 2008 ) . Rehabilitation is the procedure of get the better ofing or larning to get by with the harm the shot has caused. It is about acquiring back to normal life and accomplishing the best degree of independency by: relearning accomplishments and abilities ; larning new accomplishments ; accommodating to some of the restrictions caused by a shot ; and happening societal, emotional and practical support at place and in the community. The benefits of shot rehabilitation bundles are good documented ( SUTC, 2000 ) but small is known about the efficaciousness of the assorted constituents of such intercessions. Rehabilitation requires multidisciplinary attack affecting healer ( physical healer, speech healer, and occupational healer ) , physicians, psychologist and societal workers. Occupational healer teaches the patient day-to-day life accomplishments and how to utilize populating AIDSs such as Walkers or bathroom grab bars ( shot rehabilitation, 2010 ) . After stroke life become hard due to disablement caused by it. shot have high morbidity rates which means that patient with shot suffer from both mental and physical disablement following shot. It is the taking cause of lower quality of life in grownups. Rehabilitation offers a opportunity to reconstruct quality of life after shot. Brain damaged caused due to stroke can non be healed but rehabilitation helps a patient in keeping bing abilities and supply scheme for managing disablements cause by shot. Stroke intervention depends on clip continuance after shot, hazard factor that may impact intervention. Depending on these factors stroke intervention include blood dilutant medicine which can fade out a blood coagulum, or encephalon surgery for rupture blood vas. Rehabilitation after shot Begins after acute intervention. It helps in relearning the accomplishments lost due to stroke and counterbalancing for disablement caused by shot. It stroke includes memory rehabilitation, linguistic communication rehabilitation and emotional rehabilitation, motor and centripetal control rehabilitation ( Healthtree, 2010 ) . Functional damage following acute unwellnesss -such as shot – often have terrible physical effects for grownup and older patients ( Desrosiers, 2003 ) . Occupational therapy is an indispensable constituent for the rehabilitation of handicapped patients, holding a broad scope of intercessions available to help individuals towards independency ( cup, 2003 ) . The end of occupational therapy is to reconstruct functional independency when possible and to ease psychosocial accommodation to residuary disablement ( Landi, 2006 ) . The doctrine of occupational therapy is founded on the construct of business as a cardinal component of wellness and wellbeing. Practice in societal attention services embraces the societal theoretical account of disablement and is based on holistic and person-centered attention, stressing the publicity of autonomy and resourcefulness ( College of Occupational Therapists, 2008 ) . The Occupational therapy is normally used in the station shot patients by an occupational healer with the specific purpose of easing personal activities of day-to-day life to better the results for patients following shot. Different tests have been conducted in different states to turn out the effectivity of occupational therapy but there is deficiency of grounds proposing that occupational therapy intercessions can cut down the likeliness of such impairment and better patients ‘ ability to execute personal activities of day-to-day life. Therefore the purpose of this Meta analysis is to measure the efficaciousness of occupational therapy on shot rehabilitation. The chief purpose of occupational therapy ( OT ) is to keep, reconstruct or make a lucifer beneficial to the person between the abilities of the individual, the demands of his or her businesss and the demands of the environment ( Creek, 2003 ) Activity and engagement restrictions in shot typically diminish wellness and well-being As a consequence, betterment of functional abilities, betterment of engagement in society and an increased quality of life are of import results of OT intervention ( Steultjens, 2005 ) . Historically, several intervention attacks have been introduced and adopted by physical and occupational healers. The shot rehabilitation methods adopted by healers vary widely depending on their background cognition, clinical experience, clinical accomplishments, and personal penchants [ 6-9 ] . The handiness of a overplus of intervention methods shows that shot rehabilitation patterns are continually germinating. Previous surveies conducted in the United Kingdom used studies to find common intervention patterns in stroke rehabilitation among physical healers [ 10-11 ] . The consequence of the survey by Landi et Al. ( 2006 ) shows that patients with shot who received the combined plan of physical and occupational therapy had a greater degree of independency in activities of day-to-day life over a period of 8 hebdomads than patients who did non. It has been found from the Cochrane reappraisal of benefits of shot rehabilitation that it reduces about 22 % in decease or dependence and these benefits are more outstanding under and over 75 old ages of age, in both sexes. Length of infirmary stay is besides reduced due to early rehabilitation ( Scots intercollegiate guidelines web, 2002 ) . Stroke is a complex status where cognition base is continuously increasing. There is changeless progress in apprehension of the status, appraisal and intercession techniques. Occupational healers are a critical constituent in the rehabilitation of patient with this status ( Edmans, 2000 ) . Occupational healer work with persons who have conditions that are physically, mentally, developmentally, or emotionally disenabling. They help them develop, retrieve, keep day-to-day life and work accomplishments. The end of occupational healer is to assist their client have independent, fulfilling and productive lives ( Weeks and Zona, 2000 ) .Chapter 2: The Literature SearchChoice standards – brief description of the chief elements of the inquiry under consideration. This is subdivided into: Types of surveies – eg: RCT ‘s Types of participants – the population of involvement. This subdivision may include inside informations of diagnostic standards, if desired or appropriate. Types of intercessions – the chief intercession under consideration and any comparing interventions. Types of result steps – any result measures/endpoints ( for illustration, decrease in symptoms ) that are considered of import by the referee, defined in progress ; non merely outcome steps really used in tests.Definition of Occupational therapyWorld federation of occupational healer ( 2004 ) define Occupational therapy as a profession concerned with advancing wellness and good being through business. The primary end of occupational therapy is to enable people to take part in the activities of mundane life. Occupational healers achieve this result by enabling people to make things that will heighten their ability to take part or by modifying the environment to better support engagement. The hunt scheme for systematic reappraisals of the efficaciousness of OT has identifies randomised test comparing occupational therapy with other intercession or no intercession. It has been done by seeking EBSCO host research database from 2000-2010. The other beginnings are Google Scholar and The Occupational Therapy Research Index and Dissertation Abstracts registry, scanned mention lists of relevant articles, relevant diaries. ( 1999-2010 ) . Fifty-three surveies were identified and abstracted. Four surveies reported entire haemorrhagic shot as the result, which includes intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage.4,7,10,11 None of the surveies reported information on subdural hemorrhagic shots. We have used the term hemorrhagic stroke throughout the article. Two studies consisted of the same instance patients but different controls and were treated as 2 separate surveies. 23,24 From the 53 surveies, 18 were farther excluded for assorted grounds. Two surveies were excluded because combined hazard estimations were reported for work forces and adult females but degrees of intoxicant ingestion were non the same for work forces as for women.49,50 We excluded 5 surveies that examined merely the consequence of orgy imbibing or acute intoxicant ingestion ( within 24 hours before shot ) 51-55 because our survey assessed accustomed intoxicant ingestion and comparative hazard of shot. Five surveies that lacked sufficient informations for computation of comparative hazard estimations were excluded.56-60 The staying 6 excluded studies did non utilize ascetics as the mention group.61-66 We included 19 cohort surveies and 16 instance control surveies in our concluding analysisTypes of surveiesThis survey included randomized controlled tests of shot patients having an occupational therapy intercession provided by an occupational healer. All of the selected surveies intend to better personal activities of day-to-day life compared to usual attention or no attention in station shot patient. If big randomized tests are impractical, we have to pull the most dependable decisions from smaller tests. Unfortunately, the conventional attack, the narrative reappraisal is undependable. Conventional reappraisal normally fails to specify the reappraisal inquiry, to guarantee that all relevant tests are explicitly based on the grounds. Systematic reappraisals set out to better upon narrative reappraisals by using scientific methods to the reappraisal of the research grounds ( Langhorne, et al. , 2008 ) .Types of participants:This survey included the test if the participant of the survey met the clinical definition of shot as defined by WHO â€Å" a clinical syndrome of resumed vascular beginning, typified by quickly developing marks of focal or planetary perturbation of intellectual map enduring more so 24 hours or taking to decease † . All of the included surveies have given clear inclusion standards. They include participant on the footing of clinical diagnosing, except Sa ckley et Al ( 2006 ) included occupants with moderate to severe stroke-related disablement by utilizing Barthel Activity of Daily Living Index mark ( BI score 4 to 15 inclusive ) . Participants with other acute unwellness are excluded from the surveies.Types of intercession:In this survey tests are include if they have following characteristics: aˆ? Occupational therapy intercession which specially focused on activities of day-to-day life and tried to better their personal activities of day-to-day life. aˆ? The tests are included in which control group receives normal attention or no intercession. aˆ? Interventions are provided under the supervising of qualified occupational healer. The survey by Sackley et Al ( 2006 ) has developed an intercession by utilizing bing grounds with the aid of a group of adept occupational healers delivered on single degree. The period of intercession was three month which include occupational therapy and carer instruction, wherasINCLUSION CRITEIA:Researcher included surveies that used randomized or controlled clinical designs, of an occupational therapy intercession, compared to usual attention or no attention. In which stroke patient ‘s public presentation in footings of activities of day-to-day life was the focal point of the occupational therapy intercessionDatas beginningsSelected database is EBSCO host web research database this aggregation of databases provide entree to cardinal diaries, many holding links to full text diary articles. It contains assorted databases as follow: AMED British Nursing Index CINHAL plus with full text Medline with full text SocINDEX with full text The other beginnings are Google Scholar and The Occupational Therapy Research Index and Dissertation Abstracts registry, scanned mention lists of relevant articles, relevant diaries. ( 1999-2010 ) ( See Appendix 1 ) .Cardinal words or term used in literature huntKilowatts: Stroke in Title Rehabilitation in Abstract Randomised controlled trail in AbstractChoice standardsTime frame: 2000-2010 Randomized controlled test Language or national context: English linguistic communication merely Main focal point of paper: Stroke rehabilitation Peer reviewed diary merely National and international surveies.Types of result stepThe out come step are that reflected the alteration in personal activities of day-to-day life in shot patient after having occupational therapyPrimary result( 1 ) Performance in personal activities of day-to-day life ( pADL including: eating, dressing, bathing, toileting, simple mobility and transportations ) at the terminal of scheduled follow up. ( 2 ) Death or a hapless result. Death or a hapless result is defined as the combined result of being dead or: aˆ? holding deteriorated, characterised by sing a impairment in ability to execute personal activities of day-to-day life ( that is, sing a bead in pADL mark ) ; or aˆ? being dependent, characterised by lying above or below a pre-defined cut-off point on a given pADL graduated table ; or aˆ? necessitating institutional attention at the terminal of scheduled follow up.Secondary results of involvement( 1 ) Death at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 2 ) Number of patients dead or physically dependent at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 3 ) Number of patients dead or necessitating institutional attention at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 4 ) Performance in drawn-out activities of day-to-day life ( community and domestic activities ) at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 5 ) Patient temper at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 6 ) Patient subjective wellness position or quality of life at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 7 ) Carer temper at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 8 ) Carer subjective wellness position or quality of life at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 9 ) Patient and carer satisfaction with services We aimed to enter results that reflected resource usage ( that is the figure of admittances to hospital, figure of yearss in infirmary, AIDSs and contraptions provided, figure of staff required per caseload ) . Search methods for designation of surveies See: ‘Specialized registry ‘ subdivision in Cochrane Stroke Group Occupational therapy Secondary resultExclusion Standards:Documents excluded from the reappraisal were plants that focused preponderantly upon: Stroke rehabilitation surveies before 2000. Which are non published surveies Which are other than English linguistic communicationResearch DesignA meta-analysis, by utilizing quantitative methods such as a random effects theoretical account, of 7 randomized controlled test identified literature hunt.Analysis of DatasResearcher will analyze binary results with a fixed-effect theoretical account, as odds ratios ( OR ) with 95 % assurance intervals ( CI ) . For uninterrupted results, a random-effects theoretical account will be used to take history of statistical heterogeneousness. As there is some heterogeneousness between the tests in footings of their design, continuance of follow up and choice standards for patients. Researcher will execute an purpose to handle analysis to cut down potentialA prejudices in footings of followup, publication, and describing prejudice associated withA pull outing informations from published studies. Publication prejudice will be assessed withA a rank correlativity trial and a funnel secret plan. Systematic reappraisals show that occupational therapy increases functional ability and/or societal engagement in aged people and in patients with shot or rheumatoid arthritis. For patients with progressive neurological diseases, intellectual paralysis or mental illnesses the efficaciousness of occupational therapy is still ill-defined because high-quality surveies are missing.Chapter 3 – MethodologyJustification of methodological attack – qualitative or quantitative Methods of the reappraisal – description of how surveies eligible for inclusion in the reappraisal were selected, how their quality was assessed, how informations were extracted from the surveies ( evaluated ) , how informations were analysed, whether any subgroups were studied or whether any sensitiveness analyses were carried out, A major challenge with shot rehabilitation is that the intercession itself is likely to be really complex and non uniform. Any intercession developed by healer or multidisciplinary squad will affect many constituents which may interact in different ways. It is likely that these intercessions may a mixture of both effectual and uneffective elements so it is of import that we are cognizant of variableness between the different tests and we explore this variableness when analysing the consequence ( Langhorne, et al. , 2008 ) .Chapter 4 – The SurveiesDescription of surveies – how many surveies were found, what were their inclusion standards, how large were they, etc. ? Methodological quality of included surveies – were at that place any grounds to doubt the decisions of any surveies because of concerns about the survey quality?4.1 Features of included surveies:Features of included surveiesSurveyMethodParticipantsInterventionResultCindy 2004 HongKong Pretest and posttest randomized control test design -53 participants -Age: 55 old ages or older. -Mean age: 72.1 -With primary diagnosing of shot -Living at place Intervention group received extra home-based intercession in the usage of devices instantly after discharge, but the control group did non. Subjects were assessed by 1.Functional Independence Measure and 2. The Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology. Gilbertson, 2000. Glassgow Single blind randomised controlled test. -138 participants -Mean age: 71 -with clinical diagnosing of shot -were admitted to Glasgow royal hospital NHS trust were Intervention group received 6wk domiciliary programme and control group received included inmate multidisciplinary Rehabilitation. Subjects were assessed by 1.Nottingham drawn-out activities of day-to-day populating graduated table 2. Barthel activities of day-to-day populating index. Landi, 2004 USA -50 Participants -Mean age: 78.3 – With primary diagnosing of ischaemic shot Intervention group received received 8 hebdomads of a combined rehabilitation plan based on occupational therapy and physical therapy received no input from the occupational healers Subjects were assessed by -MDS-PAC – ADL graduated table Logan,2004 United kingdom Randomised controlled test. -168 participants -Mean age: 74 – clinical diagnosing of shot in old 36 months Intervention group received cusps with appraisal and up to seven intercession Sessionss by an occupational healer. Control group received cusps depicting local conveyance services for handicapped people -Postal questionnaires – Nottingham extended activities of day-to-day populating graduated table, Nottingham leisure questionnaire, and general wellness questionnaire. Parker,2000 United kingdom Multicentre randomized controlled test. -466 Participants -Mean age: 72 .Randomization was done in three groups. two intervention groups received occupational therapy intercessions at place for up to six months after enlisting. The General Health Questionnaire ( 12 point ) , the Nottingham Extended ADL Scale and the Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire Logan,2004 United kingdom Randomised controlled test with hidden allotment and blinded appraisal. -168 Participants -Mean age:74 -patients with a clinical diagnosing of shot in the old 36 months Control group received one session consisting of advice, encouragement, and the proviso of cusps depicting local mobility services. intercession group received the cusps plus occupational therapy appraisal and up to seven intercession Sessionss for up to 3 months. Primary result was self-report, Secondary results were 1-self-report of the figure of journeys out-of-doorss in the past month, 2-Nottingham drawn-out activities of day-to-day populating graduated table, 3-Nottingham leisure questionnaire. 4-general wellness questionnaire. Sackley,2006 United kingdom bunch randomized controlled test -118 Participant -Residents with moderate to severe stroke-related disablement – Residents with acute unwellness and those admitted for end-of-life attention. Occupational therapy was provided to intervention group but included carer instruction. control group received usual attention 1-Barthel Activity of Daily Living Index ( BI ) tonss 2-Rivermead Mobility Index.Features of intercession included in surveyWriterSample sizeinterventincontrolconsentRandomization itemPutingCindy 2004 HongKongMeterFGilbertson, 2000. GlassgowMeterFLandi, 2004 USAMeterFLogan,2004 United kingdomMeterFParker,2000 United kingdomMeterFLogan,2004 United kingdomMeterFLogan,2004 United kingdomMeterFChapter 5 Findingss / ConsequencesWhat do the information show? The synthesis of consequences – thematic analysis or statistical analysis. Accompanied by a graph to demo a meta-analysis, if this was carried out.Chapter 6 – DiscussionInterpretation and appraisal of consequences.Chapter 7 – DecisionSubdivided into Deductions for pattern and Implications for research. Stroke patients who receive occupational therapy focused on personal activities of day-to-day life, as opposed to no everyday occupational therapy, are more likely to be independent in those activities. Restrictions of the survey It is hard to plan and carry on high quality clinical tests of rehabilitation. First, the cover of therapies from patient and healer is hard, therefore allowing the debut of prejudice, peculiarly when the individual supplying the intercession is besides the individual making the research, as is the instance with many of the surveies in this reappraisal. Second, while usual or standard attention is recognised as an appropriate control, this may include intercessions that promote activities, which potentially reduces the estimation of the intercession effect.21 Third, it is more hard to obtain credence of randomization in an inmate scene, peculiarly where an occupational therapy service is already established. We excluded four tests that compared one occupational therapy intercession within an active concurrent control arm provided in inpatient scenes as they did non supply an unconfounded estimation of effect.w1-w4 Finally, tests of rehabilitation intercessions typically have drawn-ou t follow-up periods with a hazard of survey dropout. This makes executing a true purpose to handle analysis with complex tonss such as the Barthel index problematic as it is hard to hit for losing participants. Despite these possible concerns, nevertheless, the quality of the included tests was by and large good and the consequences were consistent between tests. Occupational therapy is a complex intercession. Practice includes skilled observation ; the usage of standardized and non-standardised appraisals of the biological, psychiatric, societal, and environmental determiners of wellness ; elucidation of the job ; preparation of individualized intervention ends ; and the bringing of a set of individualized job work outing intercessions. While we are confident that all the intercessions in this reappraisal were consistent with this wide construct of occupational therapy, we recognise that the exact nature of the intercessions in each survey differed harmonizing to the type of patient, the expertness of the healer, and the resources available. The intercessions tested were likely provided by experts and non peculiarly constrained by twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours service factors. Our reappraisal did non compare occupational therapy with alternate rehabilitation intercessions, nor did it analyze the consequence of occupational therapy c ombined with other intercessions.Reference List of Included Studies:Chiu, W. , Y. and Man, D. W. K. , 2004. The consequence of developing older grownups with shot to utilize home-based assistive devices. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Gilbertson, L. , et al. , 2000. Domiciliary occupational therapy for patients with shots discharged from infirmary: a randomized controlled test. BMJ [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Francesco, L. , et al. , 2006. Effectss of an Occupational Therapy Program on Functional Outcomes in Older Stroke Patients [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Logan, P. , et al. , 2004 Randomised controlled test of an occupational therapy intercession to increase out-of-door mobility after shot [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Parker, C. , J. et al. , 2001. A multicentre randomized controlled test of leisure therapy and conventional occupational therapy after shot. Clinical Rehabilitation [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? six [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Sackley, C. , M. et al. , 2004. Occupational therapy in nursing and residential attention scenes: a description of a randomised controlled test intercession. British Journal of Occupational Therapy [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? six [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Walker, M. , F. et al.,1999. Occupational therapy for shot patients non admitted to infirmary: a randomized controlled test [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ]REFRENCE LISTAdamson, J. , Beswick, A. , Ebrahim, S. 2004. Is stroke the most common cause of disablement. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovasculer Disease [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.strokejournal.org/article/S1052-3057 ( 04 ) 00070-9/abstract [ Accessed 21st July 10 ] British Heart Foundation, 2005. Coronary Heart Disease statistics. London. British Heart Foundation [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heartstats.org/uploads/documents48160_text_05_06_07 [ Accessed 21st July 10 ] College of Occupational Therapy. 2004. What is occupational therapy? [ Online ] Available at: www.cot.org.uk [ Accessed 18th July 10 ] . College of Occupational Therapists ( 2008 ) COT place statement: the value of occupational therapy and its part to adult societal service users and their carers London: College of Occupational Therapists Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayden.co.uk/house/apps/doclibrary/documents/pdf/ [ Accessed 18th July 10 ] . Coull, A. , Lovett, J. , and Rothwell, P. , 2004. Population base survey of early hazard of shot after transeunt ischemic onslaught or minor strpke: deductions for public instruction and administration of services. British Medical Journal [ Online ] Cup EH, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Thijssen MC, van Kuyk-Minis MA: Dependability and cogency of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure in shot patients. Clin Rehabil 2003 ; 17: 402-409 Desrosiers J, Malouin F, Bourbonnais D, Richards CL, Rochette A, Bravo G: Arm and leg damages and disablements after shot rehabilitation: relation to disable. Clin Rehabil 2003 ; 17: 666-673 D'Souza, A. , et al. , 2002. Probiotics in bar of antibiotic associated diarrhea: meta analysis. Edmans, J. , 2000. Occupational Therapy and Stroke [ Onlone ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.amazon.co.uk/Occupational-Therapy-Stroke-Judi-Edmans/dp/1861561989 [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Egger, M. , Davey, S. , and Altman, D. , ( explosive detection systems ) . Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context. London: BMJ Books, Glasziou, Paul, 2001. Systematic reappraisals in wellness attention: Apractical usher. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press Gresham, G. , Duncan, P. and Statson, W. , 1995. Prioritie for future research, Clinical pattern guidelines figure 18. US section of wellness and human services, Agency for wellness attention policy and reseaech, Rockwell, Maryland, AHCPR publication Hankey, G. , and Warlow, C. 1994.Transient ischemic onslaughts of the encephalon and oculus. London: WB Saunders. Healthtree, 2010. Stroke rehabilitation [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthtree.com [ Accessed twentieth September 10 ] Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slordahl S, Rokseth R, Haheim L. Stroke unit intervention improves long-run quality of life: a randomized controlled test. Stroke1998 ; 29: 895-9. Landi, F. , at el. , 2006. Effectss of an Occupational Therapy Program on Functional Outcomes in Older Stroke Patients Gerontology 2006 ; 52:85-91 Langhorne, Peter, D. , Martin, 2008. Stroke Unit of measurements: An grounds based attack John Wiley & A ; Sons, Ltd NHS Choices, 2008. Stroke [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Stroke/Pages/Complications.aspx [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Office of National Statistics, 2001. Stroke incidence and hazard factor in a population based cohort survey. Health statistics quarterly [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/article.asp? ID=1512 & A ; Pos=8 & A ; ColRank= [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Ross, J. Barton, J. , and Read, J. 2009. Staff in-service preparation on post-stroke psychological and communicating issues Sakai, O. , Mcguire, A. and Wolfe, C. Cost of shot in the United Kingdom [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //ageing.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/1/27.full.pdf+html [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Scots intercollegiate Guideline Network, 2002. Management of patients with shot: Rehabilitation, bar and direction of complication, and discharge planning. A national clinical guideline [ Online ] Available at: www.sign.ac.uk [ Accessed thirtieth September 10 ] Steultjens EMJ, Dekker J, Bouter Leemirjise, Cornelia, H. M. , 2006. Evidence of the efficaciousness of occupational therapy in different conditions: an overview of systematic reappraisals Stroke rehabilitation, 2008 Available at: www.stroke.org.uk [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] [ SUTC ] Stroke Unit Trialists ‘ Collaboration. Organised inmate ( stroke unit ) attention for shot. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001 [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000197.html [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Walker, M. , et al. , 2004. Individual Patient Data Meta Analysis of Randomised Controlled Tests of Community Occupational Therapy for Stroke Patient. Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/35/9/2226 [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . Weeks, R. , 2000. Opportunities in Occupational Therapy Careers. USA: N T C/Contemporary Publishing Company Wolfe, A. , Tilling, K. , and Rudd, A. , G. 2000. The effectivity of community based rehabilitation for shot patients who remain at place: a pilot randomized test. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000 World federation of occupational healer ( 2004 ) Definition [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wfot.com/office_files/final % 20definitioncm20042.pdf [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . World Health Organisation, 1978. Cerebrovascular Disorder: A Clinical and Research Classification. Geneva. World Health Organisation. Offset publication [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . World Health Organisation, 2010. Cardiovascular Disease: Death from shot [ Omline ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf [ Accessed 2nd September 10 ] . 6. Nilsson LM, Nordholm LA. Physical therapy in shot rehabilitation: Bases for Swedish physical therapists ‘ pick of intervention. Physiother Theory Pract. 1992 ; 8 ( 1 ) :49-55. 7. Carr JH, Mungovan SF, Shepherd RB, Dean CM, Nordholm LA. Physiotherapy in shot rehabilitation: Bases for Australian physical therapists ‘ pick of intervention. Physiother Theory Pract. 1994 ; 10 ( 4 ) :201-9. 8.Sackley CM, Lincoln NB. Physiotherapy intervention for shot patients: A study of current pattern. Physiother Theory Pract. 1996 ; 12 ( 2 ) :87-96. 9. DeGangi GA, Royeen CB. Current pattern among Neuro Developmental Treatment Association members. Am J Occup Ther. 1994 ; 48 ( 9 ) :803-9. [ PMID: 7526690 ] 10. Lennon S. Physiotherapy pattern in shot rehabilitation: A study. Disabil Rehabil. 2003 ; 25 ( 9 ) :455-61. [ PMID: 12745940 ] 11. Lennon S, Baxter D, Ashburn A. Physiotherapy based on the Bobath construct in shot rehabilitation: A study within the UK. D HL4066 Meta Analysis Practical This is a ego directed survey and practical. It gives the chance to rehearse meta analysis accomplishments which may be utile if you decide to utilize that methodological analysis in your concluding thesis. Read the information on Wolf in the meta analysis booklet Decide on a subject that you would wish to look into, place a research inquiry ( note this does non hold to be an original inquiry but it may assist your thesis and profileif it was Determine your hunt standards Determine your inclusion standards What type of informations will you pull out? Design a information extraction signifier Carry out a hunt, using your key words and inclusion standards Identify between 4 and 10 surveies to include in your meta analysis Decide what package you will utilize and obtain a transcript either by purchase, download or Cadmium from a book Extract your informations utilizing the information extraction signifier you have designed Input your informations to your package Trial for heterogeneousness Decide what theoretical account you are traveling to utilize based on the consequence of the heterogeneousness trial Carry out the analysis Trial for prejudice Meta Analysis Resources Cochrane Handbook 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cochrane-handbook.org/ The Cochrane Collaboration Open Learning Material hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cochrane-net.org/openlearning/HTML/mod0-3.htm Leandro, G ( 2005 ) Meta-analysis in Medical Research: The enchiridion for the apprehension and pattern of meta-analysis. BMJ Books Easy to read book with Meta analysis package Software A figure of commercial and free packages are available. Below is a choice but hunt cyberspace for more. Meta analysis 5.3 written by Ralph Schwarzer hypertext transfer protocol: //userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/meta_e.htm MIX 1.7 Can be used with Excel hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mix-for-meta-analysis.info/ Stat pages reviews a figure of free packages hypertext transfer protocol: //statpages.org/javasta2.html Revman hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cc-ims.net/revman Interpret your resultsisabil Rehabil. 2001 ; 23 ( 6 ) :254-62. Researcher ID is: F-7307-2010 ( for rahila )